Список літератури. 1. Алексеева И. С. Профессиональный тренинг переводчика

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ЗМІСТ

INTRODUCTION.. 3

TOPIC 1: PRINCIPLES OF TRANSLATION.. 5

1.1. Notes on the Profession of the Translator 5

1.2. Professional pride. 6

1.3. Income. 8

1.4. Speed. 11

1.5. Enjoyment 12

TOPIC 2: THEORY OF INTERPRETATION.. 24

2.1. Background of interpretation theory (IT) 24

2.2. First translation of the Bible as a milestone in the history of interpretation and the development of world civilization.Later history of interpretation. 26

2.3. Deciphering the inscriptions on the Rosetta stone. 29

2.4. A brief history of interpretation in the 20th Century. 31

TOPIC 3: INTERPRETATION AND CONTEMPORARY LIFE.. 41

3.1. XX century as a “golden age” of interpretation. 41

3.2. Conference interpreting, professional training and diplomatic interpretation in XX century 42

3.3. Stagnation in economy – boom of interpretation. 44

TOPIC 4: INTERPRETATION ACTIVITY.. 51

4.1. Translation and Interpretation Modes. 51

4.2. Specific Skills required for interpreting. 52

4.3. Simultaneous translation as a special kind of translating. 54

4.4. Professional ethics and moral code of interpreters. 55

TOPIC 5: PERCEPTION AND UNDERSTANDING.. 63

OF MESSAGES IN INTERPRETING.. 63

5.1. Sense Perception and Understanding. 63

5.2. The “Inner Speech” of the Interpreter 64

5.3. Interpreting without “Understanding” the Sense. 65

TOPIC 6: TYPES OF CONTEXTS AND CONTEXTUAL RELATIONSHIPS IN ORAL DISCOURSE 71

6.1. Text, Context and Discourse. 71

6.2. Types of Contexts and Contextual Relationships. 72

6.3. Recommendations for interpreters. 73

TOPIC 7: SEMANTIC ASPECTS OF INTERPRETATION.. 78

7.1. Semantic Structure of the Oral Message. 78

and its Main Components. 78

7.2. The Role of the Rhematic Components. 80

in Comprehending and Interpreting Oral Messages. 80

7.3. Rendering “evaluative component” of messages in interpreting. 81

TOPIC 8: SEMANTIC REDUNDANCY OF ORAL MESSAGES. INTERPRETER'S NOTE–TAKING 89

8.1. Semantic Redundancy as one of the Main Properties of Oral Discourse. 89

8.2. Ways of Ensuring Semantic Redundancy of Oral Messages. 90

8.3. Semantic Redundancy: Recommendations for Interpreters. 92

8.4. Interpreter's Note–taking. 93

TOPIC 9: LEXICAL ASPECTS OF INTERPRETATION.. 111

9.1. The Notion of the “Focus of Meaning”. 111

9.2. Subject Field Terms: Ways of Interpreting Them... 112

9.3. Clichés and Idioms as an Interpretation Problem... 115

9.4. “Troublemaking” Lexical Units: Numerals, Proper Names, Specific Items of the National Lexicon, Abbreviations, Acronyms and “Misleading Words”. 117

TOPIC 10: "GAPS" IN PERCEPTION OF ORAL DISCOURSE AND WAYS OF "FILLING THEM IN" IN INTERPRETING 128

10.1. The Notion of "Gaps" in Perceiving Original Texts. 128

10.2. Phonological "Gaps". 129

10.3. Lexical "Gaps". 130

10.4. Grammatical "Gaps". 132

10.5. Ways of Filling in the "Gaps" in Interpreting. 133

10.6. Ways of Fighting Phonological Complications. 135

Caused by Accents and Dialects. 135

Topic 11: PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATING IDIOMS. 146

11.1. Knowing Idioms is the Way to Speak Like a Native. 146

11.2. Grammatical Nature of Idioms. 148

11.3. Etymology of Idioms. 149

11.4. How to Learn Idioms and Practice Them... 150

TOPIC 12: LEVELS AND COMPONENTS OF INTERPRETATION. INTERPRETER’S CHALLENGES. CONFERENCE INTERPRETING.. 191

12.1. Communication during Two-way Interpretation. 191

12.2. Two Levels of Interpretation. 193

12.3. Triad of Interpretation Process. 194

12.4. Specifics and Situations in Interpreting Process. 195

12.5. Factor of Time. 196

TOPIC 13: PRECISION AND BASIS INFORMATION, THEIR DISTINCTIONS AND IMPORTANCE FOR INTERPRETATION ADEQUACY.. 209

13.1. Constituents of Precision and Basis Information. 209

13.2. Rendering PI in the Process of Interpretation. 210

13.3. Undesirable Situations of Two-way Interpretation. Interpretation Pitfalls and Traps – How to Avoid Them 210

TOPIC 14: CHARACTERISTIC PECULIARITIES OF PROFESSIONAL INTERPRETATION 231

14.1. Intellectual Requirements. 232

14.2. Requirements to Interpretation Adequacy. 233

14.3. Memory and Interpretation. 236

INTERPRETATION PROCESS. 245

15.1. Two Stages of Interpretation Process. 246

15.2. Understanding and Extraction of Meaningful Units. 246

15.3. Interpretation Typology. 248

15.4. Constituents of Training Interpretation. 249

15.5. Constituents of Real Interpretation and Ways of Achieving Adequacy. 249

15.6. Subtypes of Professional Interpretation. 250

TOPIC 16: HEARING AS THE BASIC REQUIREMENT TO UNDERSTANDING.. 256

16.1. Hearing. 256

16.2. The language of the original speech. 258

16.3. The country of the speaker 259

16.4. The case of the speaker who uses a foreign language. 259

16.5. Accents. 260

16.6. Provincialisms. 261

16.7. Subject Matter 261

16.8. General Culture. 262

TOPIC 17: BASIC TYPES OF PROFESSIONAL TWO-WAY INTERPRETATION (PTI) 266

17.1. Dialogue Translation. 266

17.2. Informal Two-way Interpretation Without Note-making. 267

17.3. Official Two-way Interpreting Without Note-taking (Liaison Formal Interpreting) 267

17.4. Two-way Interpretation (with Note-taking) 268

17.5. Consecutive Discourse Interpreting. 269

TOPIC 18: COMBINED TYPES OF INTERPRETATION.. 278

18.1. Sight translation. 278

18.2. Sight translation with the help of dictaphone. 279

18.3. Cinema/Video/TV-translation. 280

18.4. Cinema/Video/TV-translation Without Preparation. 280

18.5. Cinema/Video/TV-translation with Preliminary Preparation. 281

18.6. Screen Translation as a Combined Type of Interpreting. 282

TOPIC 19: SPECIALIZED INTERPRETATION.. 292

19.1. Details of Working in Different Spheres of Professional Communication. 293

19.2. Forms of Initial Voice Information (for all Genres) 293

19.3. General-political Informational (Diplomatic) Discourse/Dialogue Interpreting 294

19.4. Phraseology in Interpretation. 297

TOPIC 20: SPECIALIZED INTERPRETATION (Continued) 304

20.1. Scientific and Technical Translation (Performances, Seminars, Lectures, Reports) 304

20.2. Special Terminological Abbreviations (Reductions, Shortenings) 305

20.3. Scientific-popular Translation (Lecture, Conversation, etc.) 307

TOPIC 21: SPECIALIZED INTERPRETATION (Continued) 320

21.1. Judicial Two-way Interpreting. 320

21.2. Sermon (Religious Genre) 322

21.3. Art Criticism Genre (Lecture, Excursion, Report) 323

TOPIC 22: LANGUAGE, SPEECH AND PRESENTATION SKILLS. 332

22.1. Culture of Language and Speech. 332

22.2. Culture of Language and General Culture. 333

22.3. Literary Language Norm... 334

22.4. External Culture of Speech in the Process of Interpretation. 334

22.5. Some Recommendations. 335

22.6. Typical Mistakes in the Process of Interpretation. 336

22.7. Interpretation Traps. Pitfalls and Gaffes in Grammar, Style and Lexis. 338

22.8. Paradoxical Mistakes. Paralysis by Analysis. 339

TOPIC 23: THEORY OF INTERPRETER’S NOTE-TAKING.. 349

23.1. General Ideas. 349

23.2. Type of Notes. 349

23.3. Logical Analysis. 350

23.4. Language of the Notes. 350

23.5. Symbols and Abbreviations. 351

TOPIC 24: THEORY OF INTERPRETER’S NOTE-TAKING (Continued) 363

24.1. Interrelation of Ideas. 363

24.2. Preparation. 363

24.3. Rearrangement of the Speech. 366

24.4. Poetry. 366

25.1. Psychological, Physical, and Linguistic Difficulties. 383

of Simultaneous Translation. 383

25.2. Difference Between Professional Simultaneous Interpretation and Other Kinds of Interpretation 385

25.3. The Main Requirements to Professional Simultaneous Interpretation. 386

TOPIC 26: FUNCTIONAL SYSTEM OF SIMULTANEOUSINTERPRETATION. ANTICIPATION IN SIMULTANEOUS INTERPRETATION.. 399

26.1. Functional System of Simultaneous Interpretation. 399

26.2. Anticipation in Simultaneous Interpretation. 401

TOPIC 27: COMPRESSION AND EXPANSION.. 412

27.1. Compression and its Types in Simultaneous Interpretation. 412

Compression. 412

27.2. Syllabic and Syntactic Compression. 413

27.3. Lexical and Semantic Compression. 413

27.4. Expansion in Simultaneous Interpretation. 413

TOPIC 28: GRAMMATICAL DIFFICULTIES ТУРICAL OF INTERPRETATION 413

28.1. Grammatical Difficulties in Understanding Oral Texts. 413

28.2. Rendering the English Articles. 413

28.3. Rendering the Tense Forms of the Verb. 413

28.4. Difficulties in Rendering the Forms Expressing Unreality. 413

28.5 Difficulties in Rendering of the Affirmative and Negative Constructions. 413

28.6 Comprehension of the "Inner Syntactic Structure" of the Source Language Messages by Simultaneous Interpreters 413

28.7. Word Order and Functional Sentence Perspective of Messages: Recommendations for Simultaneous Interpreters 413

28.8 Syntactic Transformations in Simultaneous Interpretation. 413

Навчальне видання

СИДОРУК Галина Іванівна

ПРАКТИКА

ПИСЬМОВОГО ТА УСНОГО ПЕРЕКЛАДУ

Навчально–методична розробка

(англійською мовою)

Технічний редактор С.М.Болєлий

Відповідальний за випуск О.О.Белай

Підп. до друку 13.10.12. Формат 60х84 1/16. Папір офс.

Офс. друк. Ум. друк. арк. 25,00. Обл.–вид. арк. 25,4.

Тираж 100 пр. Замовлення № 2652–1. Вид. № 13/ХII

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