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Consonants
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The comparison of the Germanic and non-Germanic languages within the Indo-European family reveals regular correspondences between German and non-German consonants.
First Consonant Shift (Grimm’s Law) – in the 19th Jacob Grimm, a German scholar, discovered the existence of regular correspondence between Indo-European (IE) and German consonants and subdivided them into 3 groups:
| № | Consonant Correspondences | Examples | ||||
| Old | Modern | |||||
| IE | PG | Non-German (Latin) | German (OE) | Non-German (Italian, рус.) | German (English, German) | |
| [bh,dh,gh] à aspirated voiced stops | [b, d, g] non-aspirated voiced stops | bh rāta (Hind) | b rōþor | б рат | b rother, B ruder | |
| ru dh ira (Hind) | rēa d | - | re d | |||
| h ostis | g iest | г ость | g uest, G ast | |||
| [b, d, g] à voiced stops | [p, t, k] voiceless stops/plosives | la b are | p ōl | б олото | p ool, P fuhl | |
| d ecem | t īen | d ieci, д есять | t en | |||
| g enu | c nēo | g inocchio | k nee, K nie | |||
| [p, t, k] à voiceless stops/plosives | [f, q, h] voiceless fricatives | p edis | f ōt | p iedi | f oot, F uß | |
| t res | þ rēo | t re, т ри | th ree | |||
| c ordis | h eort | c uore | h eart, H erz |
Verner’s Law – Carl Verner, a Danish scholar (19th c.), explained the consonant correspondences as a gradual historical process (a change takes place in the course of time):
| Consonant Correspondences | Latin | OE | ModE | ||
| 1. [p, t, k] à voiceless stops/plosives | [f, q, h] à voiceless fricatives | [v, ð/d, g] voiced fricatives | se p tem | seo f en | se v en |
| pa t er | f æ đ er | fa th er | |||
| so c rus | swai h o (Gothic) | Schwa g er (Germ) | |||
| 2. Rhotacism | au s is (Lithuanian) | Au s o (Gothic) | ea r, Oh r (Germ) | ||
| [s] à | [z] à | [r] |
P.S.: these processes usually happened on condition that the consonants were situated between vowels and if preceded by an unstressed vowel.
Modern Examples: see th e – so dd en, dea th – dea d, wa s – we r e.
Second Consonant Shift – happened in the 9th c. in Old High German and today we can observe it comparing English and German:
| Consonant Correspondences | English | German | |
| 1. [t] à à | [ts] | t wo | z wei |
| [s] | wa t er | Wa ss er | |
| 2. [q] à | [d] | th ree | d rei |
| 3. [d] à | [t] | d aughter | T ochter |
| 4. [k] à | [h] | ma k e | ma ch en |
H/w:
1. Ex. 3-5, p. 48-49 in “История английского языка” by Т.А. Расторгуева (copies).
Дата публикования: 2014-11-03; Прочитано: 988 | Нарушение авторского права страницы | Мы поможем в написании вашей работы!
