Written books

написанные книги

II. Из слов, данных ниже, образуйте словосочетания с причастием II в качестве определения к существительному. Переведите их на русский язык:

to develop — market, to use — labour, to predict — situation, to study — data, to reach — progress, to sell — foodstuffs, to increase — population

причастный оборот
goods produced at the plant товары, производимые/ произведенные на этом заводе books written by the famous economist книги, написанные известным экономистом
III. Переведите на русский язык следующие словосоче­тания с причастным оборотом: services provided by the company; models made by economists; relationships studied by them; trade developed by these two countries; crops grown in the area; income distributed among many people   СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ В НАСТОЯЩЕМ СОВЕРШЕННОМ ВРЕМЕНИ
HAVE/ HAS + BEEN + ГЛАГОЛ + ed(или третья форма неправильных глаголов — Причастие И) The goods have been sold.Товары проданы.
УТВЕРДИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ
I/You/ We/ They	have	been	asked to make a report. taught economics.
He/ She/ It	has
ОТРИЦАТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ
1/You/We/They	have not (haven't)	been	asked to make a report. taught economics.
He/ She/ It	has not (hasn't)

			ОБЩИЕ ВОПРОСЫ
Have	I/ you/ we/ they	been	asked to make a report? taught economics?
Has	he/ she it
КРАТКИЕ ОТВЕТЫ: Yes, we have. No, they haven't. Yes, she has. No, he hasn't.     СПЕЦИАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ
What	have	I/ you/ we/ they	been	asked to do? taught at the University?
has	he/ she/ it

IV. Раскрыв скобки, употребите глагол в форме настоя­щего совершенного времени в страдательном залоге.

1. The degree of concentration (to increase) in this country recently.

2. Prices of electricity (to raise) already twice this year.

3. New wind and water energy sources (to develop).

4. Applied fields of economics (to teach) to students of different universities.

5. A high living standard (not/to reach) in most developing countries yet.

6. How the degree of competition (to influence) by the increase in the number of firms in the industry?

7. No changes (to make) to distinguish the new product from identical products.

8. How much money (to give) by the World Bank to the developing countries?

9. Good education (to provide) for most part of population.

TEXT APPLIED FIELDS OF ECONOMICS

There is a basic theory and facts in economics, in which all economists are interested. However, economics has some main applied fields that deal with specific topics, such as industrial economics, agricultural economics, economics of energy, economics of education, labour economics, etc.

Industrial organization and structure are studied by industrial economics which also analyzes markets for manufactured goods a s well as policies of various enterprises. The degree of concentration and barriers against new competitors in the market have already been analyzed by industrial economics for such important branches of economy as mining, gas and оД industries, etc. The behaviour of firms and companies in an industry is influenced by the structure of the industry. Both profits and losses in any industry are affected by the behaviour of firms and companies engaged in the industry.

The economics of energy is known as another important field of applied economics closely connected with industrial economics. A lot of energy has been used by the modern economy in recent decades. Farms, factories, plants, transportation as well as families have greatly increased the consumption of various sources of energy since new modern equipment and technologies were introduced.

In the past, wood and coal were used as the main sources of energy. Then, these sources were replaced by gas and oil in most industries. However, in the 1970s energy sources became scarce and there was a rise in energy prices. Since that time serious adjustments have been made by industrial economies in order to cope with the energy scarcity.

For the last few decades the problems of energy economics have been discussed by specialists and governments in many

countries. Regular meetings are held by the OPEC*formed in order to regulate oil prices.

Пояснения к тексту

*OPEC — Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries — ОПЕК (Организация стран — экспортеров нефти)

V. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. What topics do applied fields in economics deal with?

2. What does industrial economics study?

3. What influences profits and losses in any industry?

4. Why is economics of energy closely connected with industrial economics?

5. What were the main sources of energy in the past?

6. Why were adjustments made in most industries in the 1970s?

7. How are prices for oil regulated now?