a little

Исчисляемые	Неисчисляемые
существительные	существительные
	и глаголы
few	little
a few	a little;

Примеры:

Few companies produce these machines. Немногие компа­нии производят эти машины.

There are a few economists who are interested in these problems. Есть несколько экономистов, которые интересу­ются этими проблемами.

There is little water in the river now. В реке сейчас мало воды.

There is a little information on the development of tourism in this area. Имеется немного информации о развитии ту­ризма в этой области.

The student works little. Студент работает мало*

IV* Вставьте a lot (of), many, much, few, a few, little, a little,

L... oil products are used now in manufacturing and agriculture,

2. The UK does not produce as... coal as in the past.

3. Are... industries developing rapidly?

4. They work very... but they haven't made any progress yet.

5. There are... countries that are highly industrialized.

6. There are... differences between these two factories.

7. There is... modern equipment in the factory and it doesn't work efficiently,

8. Very... developing countries have low living standards.

9. There was... growth in labour efficiency last year but it is not enough.

10. The success of the firm depends... on market conditions but the workers have done... to make progress.

11.... LDCs have low living standards.

TEXT

ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION

Education for young people has always been a leading social task. In all industrial societies young people from the age of 5 to 16 and sometimes older go to school. A lot of young adults then take jobs, but some — like you — go to college and a few more take advanced studies.

Education varies from country to country but it has the same economic characteristics in all countries. It improves skills which make people more productive. By means of education people are made stable members of society. Some teachers also do creative research which helps to improve technology. So education creates large economic values varying from technical productivity in factories and offices to progress of knowledge.

Various values of education are of two classes: private and social. Each student gets private benefits when he or she learns new skills which will allow them to get higher pay on the job.

Besides, the job will probably be more pleasant and the person will cope with problems of modern life better.

There are also public benefits of education. First, it provides more productive workers for society, economy becomes more efficient and profitable. Without education many people do not cope with difficulties of life and turn to crime¹ or require public support. Second, people understand social life better and they will deal with public problems more intelligently and avoid extremism. Third, greater productivity of population provides more taxes in order to pay for public needs.

The task of economics of education is to evaluate public and private benefits and make decisions how much a government is going to invest in every type of school and how the government is going to do it. As productivity and stability of population is mainly increased at school level, total public subsidies for schools are justified. For education at the college level, however, the public benefits are weaker than private benefits and full public subsidies are considered less justified than at the school level.

Education is being financed by subsidies or scholarships. Which of them are more effective is also a problem studied by economics of education.

Technologies are becoming more complex and demand for education as well as a number of qualified specialists will grow in future. With it, the role of economics of education and the scope of problems studied by it is growing in the years to come².

Пояснения к тексту

l.turn to crime — зд. преступают закон, делаются пре­ступниками 2. in the years to come — зд. в последующие годы

V. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. What are the characteristics of education which are the same in all countries?

2. What is the role of education in social progress?

3. What are the private benefits of education?

4. What are the public benefits of education?

5. What is the task of economics of education?

6. Why are total subsidies for schools justified? What about subsidies for colleges?

7. How is education financed?

8. Is economics of education going to become more important in the near future? Why?

VI. Приведенные предложения сделайте отрицательны­
ми и скажите, что действие будет выполнено в будущем.

Образец: The demand for the company's products grows from year to year. -> The demand for the company's products does not grow from year to year but it is going to grow in the near future (in the years to come, next year).

1. Private benefits of education grow every year.

2. My pay grows regularly.

3. The government increases taxes every year.

4. The manager evaluates the work of the company every month.

5. The government provides subsidies for farmers.

6. The company improves machinery produced by them every year.

7. Students get scholarships both from the government and from private firms.

VII. Измените следующие предложения, употребив гла­
гол в форме страдательного залога.

Образец: Society is increasing the role of education. -> The role of education is being increased.

1. The company is making its factories more efficient and profitable.

2. Some banks have given scholarships to students.

3. University teachers do research.

4. Education improves both skills and knowledge.

5. Last year the factory introduced a new technology.

6. Museums require government support.

7. The university has raised the level of teaching.

8. The government is raising the level of financing education.

VIII. Раскрыв скобки, употребите глагол в нужном
времени, в форме действительного или страдательного

залога.

1. His pay just (to raise).

2. The taxes (to fall) last year.

3. My English (to improve) since last year.

4. Macroeconomics (to study) economy as a whole.

5. Knowledge (to increase) by means of research.

6. My father just (find) a new job.

7. When a man (to learn) his skills (to improve).

8. There (to be) creative and non-creative jobs.

9. If the government (to spend) more money on higher education more young people (to go) to university.

IX. Вставьте в пропуски слова в нужной форме: skill,
creative, so, benefit, besides, task, scholarship, stable, stability,
various, job, avoid.

1. A lot of university students get............, most of them

work.

2. The growth of trade between the two countries is....

3. What are the... of the job?

4.... of society is very important for fast economic growth.

5. I want to have a good........ I chose economics as my

profession.

6. There are... jobs on the labour market.

7. Not every man will cope with... work.

8. The... of this course is to improve your reading and speaking... in English.

9. Their task is... any risk for their company.

X. Замените слова в скобках на английский эквивалент.

1. Stability of society depends on the level of education and (очень многих) other factors.

2. There are not (так много) risks in manufacturing as in agriculture.

3. (Очень мало) countries in the world have very high living standards.

4. It is necessary to evaluate (много) factors in order to predict what will happen in future.

5. There are (меньше) buyers today than yesterday.

6. The bank has introduced (мало) new services recently.

7. It is necessary to learn (много) to have (так много) knowledge.

8. When the University had some financial difficulties, it got (мало) support from the company.