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Ãëàâíàÿ Ñëó÷àéíàÿ ñòðàíèöà Êîíòàêòû | Ìû ïîìîæåì â íàïèñàíèè âàøåé ðàáîòû! | |
Ãëàâà 20. ×åòâåðòè÷íûé (àíòðîïîãåíîâûé) ïåðèîä ............................................. 412
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20.1. Ñòðàòèãðàôè÷åñêîå ðàñ÷ëåíåíèå............................................................ 412
20.2. Îðãàíè÷åñêèé ìèð.....*.............................................................„.............. 417
20.3. Ïðèðîäíûå óñëîâèÿ.................................................................................... 420
20.4. Ïîëåçíûå èñêîïàåìûå............................................................................ 427
Çàêëþ÷åíèå............................................................................................................... 428
Ëèòåðàòóðà _......................................................................................................... 438
Ó÷åáíîå èçäàíèå
Õàèí Âèêòîð Åôèìîâè÷, Êîðîíîâñêèé Íèêîëàé Âëàäèìèðîâè÷, ßñàìàíîâ Íèêîëàé Àëåêñàíäðîâè÷
ÈÑÒÎÐÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÃÅÎËÎÃÈß
Çàâ. ðåäàêöèåé È. È. Ùåõóðà,
Ðåäàêòîð Í. Â. Áàðàíîâà
Ïåðåïëåò õóäîæíèêà Á. Ñ. Êàçàêîâà
Õóäîæåñòâåííûé ðåäàêòîð Þ. Ì. Äîáðÿíñêàÿ
Òåõíè÷åñêèé ðåäàêòîð Í. È. Ñìèðíîâà
Êîððåêòîðû Â. À. Âåòðîâ, Ã. ß. ßðîøåâñìÿ
ËÐ ¹ 040414 îò 180497
Ñäàíî â íàáîð 180796 Ïîäïèñàíî ê ïå÷àòè 12.0897 Ôîðìàò 60><90'/i6
Áóì îôñ êí.-æóðí. Ãàðíèòóðà ëèòåðàòóðíàÿ Âûñîêàÿ ïå÷àòü Óñë. ïå÷ ë 28.
Ó÷.-èçä. ë 32,79 Òèðàæ 2000 Çàêàç ¹ 1164 Èçä ¹ 5982.
Îðäåíà «Çíàê Ïî÷åòà» Èçäàòåëüñòâî Ìîñêîâñêîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà
103009, Ìîñêâà, óë. Á. Íèêèòñêàÿ, 5/7.
Ñåðïóõîâñêàÿ òèïîãðàôèÿ Óïðïîëèãðàôèçäàòà Àäìèíèñòðàöèè Ìîñê. îáë.
ÎÃËÀÂËÅÍÈÅ ÝËÅÊÒÐÎÍÍÎÅ
ÏÐÅÄÈÑËÎÂÈÅ................................................................................................................................. 3
ÂÂÅÄÅÍÈÅ......................................................................................................................................... 4
×ÀÑÒÜ I ÎÑÍÎÂÍÛÅ ÏÐÈÍÖÈÏÛ È ÌÅÒÎÄÛ ÈÑÒÎÐÈ×ÅÑÊÎÉ ÃÅÎËÎÃÈÈ 7
ÃËÀÂÀ 1. ÏÐÅÄÌÅÒ È ÇÀÄÀ×È ÈÑÒÎÐÈ×ÅÑÊÎÉ ÃÅÎËÎÃÈÈ.............................. 7
ÃËÀÂÀ 2. ÑÒÐÀÒÈÃÐÀÔÈß È ÃÅÎÕÐÎÍÎËÎÃÈß........................................................ 14
2.1. ÒÈÏÛ ÑÒÐÀÒÈÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÈÕ ÅÄÈÍÈÖ È ÊÐÈÒÅÐÈÈ ÈÕ ÂÛÄÅËÅÍÈß 16
2.2. ÎÒÍÎÑÈÒÅËÜÍÀß ÃÅÎÕÐÎÍÎËÎÃÈß............................................................. 18
2.3. ÀÁÑÎËÞÒÍÀß ÃÅÎÕÐÎÍÎËÎÃÈß.................................................................... 36
2.4. ÌÅÆÄÓÍÀÐÎÄÍÀß ÃÅÎÕÐÎÍÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ØÊÀËÀ........................... 41
2.5. ÝÒÀËÎÍÛ ÑÒÐÀÒÈÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÈÕ ÏÎÄÐÀÇÄÅËÅÍÈÈ............................ 42
ÃËÀÂÀ 3. ÎÑÍÎÂÍÛÅ ÌÅÒÎÄÛ ÈÑÒÎÐÈÊÎ-ÃÅÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÎÃÎ ÀÍÀËÈÇÀ 47
3.1. ÔÀÖÈÀËÜÍÛÉ ÌÅÒÎÄ.......................................................................................... 48
3.2. ÀÍÀËÈÇ ÏÀËÅÎÍÒÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÎÃÎ ÌÀÒÅÐÈÀËÀ (ÁÈÎÔÀÖÈÀËÜÍÛÉ È ÏÀËÅÎÝÊÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÈÈ ÀÍÀËÈÇÛ)........................................................................................................................... 54
33. ÏÀËÅÎÃÅÎÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÌÅÒÎÄÛ................................................................ 57
3.4. ÔÎÐÌÀÖÈÎÍÍÛÉ ÀÍÀËÈÇ................................................................................. 77
3.5. ÏÀËÅÎÃÅÎÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÊÀÐÒÛ.................................................................... 79
×ÀÑÒÜ II. ÄÐÅÂÍÅÉØÀß ÈÑÒÎÐÈß ÇÅÌËÈ................................................................. 82
ÃËÀÂÀ 4. ÂÎÇÍÈÊÍÎÂÅÍÈÅ ÇÅÌËÈ È ÄÎÀÐÕÅÉÑÊÀß ÈÑÒÎÐÈß.................. 82
4.1. ÎÁÐÀÇÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÑÎËÍÅ×ÍÎÉ ÑÈÑÒÅÌÛ....................................................... 82
4.2. ÎÁÐÀÇÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÏËÀÍÅÒ, ÊÎÍÄÅÍÑÀÖÈß È àêêóìóëÿöèÿ ÌÅÆÇÂÅÇÄÍÎÃÎ ÂÅÙÅÑÒÂÀ 84
4.3. ÄÎÀÐÕÅÉÑÊÈÉ (ÃÀÄÅÉÑÊÈÉ) ÝÒÀÏ ÐÀÇÂÈÒÈß ÇÅÌËÈ........................ 86
ÃËÀÂÀ 5. ÀÐÕÅÉÑÊÀß ÈÑÒÎÐÈß..................................................................................... 88
5.1. ÎÁÙÅÅ ÐÀÑ×ËÅÍÅÍÈÅ ÄÎÊÅÌÁÐÈß.............................................................. 88
5.2 ÐÀÍÍÈÉ ÀÐÕÅÉ (4,0-3,5 ìëðä ëåò)....................................................................... 90
5.3. ÑÐÅÄÍÈÉ È ÏÎÇÄÍÈÉ ÀÐÕÅÉ (3,5-2,5 ìëðä ëåò).......................................... 98
5.4. ÃÅÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÎÁÑÒÀÍÎÂÊÈ Â ÀÐÕÅÅ................................................. 106
5.5. ÇÀÐÎÆÄÅÍÈÅ ÆÈÇÍÈ......................................................................................... 108
5.6. ÏÎËÅÇÍÛÅ ÈÑÊÎÏÀÅÌÛÅ................................................................................ 109
6.2. ÑÐÅÄÀ ÎÑÀÄÊÎÍÀÊÎÏËÅÍÈß........................................................................ 121
6.3. ÏÎËÅÇÍÛÅ ÈÑÊÎÏÀÅÌÛÅ................................................................................ 122
ÃËÀÂÀ 7. ÏÎÇÄÍÈÉ ÏÐÎÒÅÐÎÇÎÉ................................................................................ 123
7.1. ÑÒÐÀÒÈÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÎÅ ÐÀÑ×ËÅÍÅÍÈÅ È ÑÒÐÀÒÎÒÈÏÛ..................... 123
7.2. ÎÐÃÀÍÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÌÈÐ.......................................................................................... 129
7.3. ÏÀËÅÎÒÅÊÒÎÍÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ È ÏÀËÅÎÃÅÎÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÓÑËÎÂÈß.. 129
7.4. ÊËÈÌÀÒÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÇÎÍÀËÜÍÎÑÒÜ............................................................... 141
7. 5. ÏÎËÅÇÍÛÅ ÈÑÊÎÏÀÅÌÛÅ............................................................................... 142
×ÀÑÒÜ III ÔÀÍÅÐÎÇÎÉÑÊÀß ÈÑÒÎÐÈß ÇÅÌËÈ...................................................... 145
ÏÀËÅÎÇÎÉÑÊÀß ÝÐÀ............................................................................................................... 145
ÃËÀÂÀ 8. ÂÅÍÄÑÊÈÉ ÏÅÐÈÎÄ......................................................................................... 149
8.1 Î ÏÎËÎÆÅÍÈÈ ÂÅÍÄÑÊÎÉ ÑÈÑÒÅÌÛ Â ÎÁÙÅÉ ÕÐÎÍÎÑÒÐÀÒÈÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÎÈ ØÊÀËÅ 149
8.2. ÑÒÐÀÒÎÒÈÏÛ ÂÅÍÄÑÊÎÉ ÑÈÑÒÅÌÛ.......................................................... 150
8.3. ÎÐÃÀÍÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÌÈÐ.......................................................................................... 155
8.4. ÏÀËÅÎÒÅÊÒÎÍÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ È ÏÀËÅÎÃÅÎÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÓÑËÎÂÈß.. 156
8.5 ÊËÈÌÀÒÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÇÎÍÀËÜÍÎÑÒÜ................................................................ 162
ÃËÀÂÀ 9. ÊÅÌÁÐÈÉÑÊÈÉ ÏÅÐÈÎÄ............................................................................... 166
9.1. ÑÒÐÀÒÈÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÎÅ ÐÀÑ×ËÅÍÅÍÈÅ È ÑÒÐÀÒÎÒÈÏÛ..................... 166
9.2. ÎÐÃÀÍÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÌÈÐ.......................................................................................... 170
9.3. ÏÀËÅÎÒÅÊÒÎÍÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ È ÏÀËÅÎÃÅÎÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÓÑËÎÂÈß.. 173
9.4: ÊËÈÌÀÒÈ×ÅÑÊÀß È ÁÈÎÃÅÎÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÇÎÍÀËÜÍÎÑÒÜ......... 180
9.5. ÏÎËÅÇÍÛÅ ÈÑÊÎÏÀÅÌÛÅ................................................................................ 185
ÃËÀÂÀ 10. ÎÐÄÎÂÈÊÑÊÈÉ ÏÅÐÈÎÄ.............................................................................. 185
10.1. ÑÒÐÀÒÈÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÎÅ ÐÀÑ×ËÅÍÅÍÈÅ È ÑÒÐÀÒÎÒÈÏÛ.................. 186
10.2. ÎÐÃÀÍÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÌÈÐ........................................................................................ 187
103. ÏÀËÅÎÒÅÊÒÎÍÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ È ÏÀËÅÎÃÅÎÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÓÑËÎÂÈß. 191
10.4. ÊËÈÌÀÒÈ×ÅÑÊÀß È ÁÈÎÃÅÎÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÇÎÍÀËÜÍÎÑÒÜ....... 201
10.5. ÏÎËÅÇÍÛÅ ÈÑÊÎÏÀÅÌÛÅ............................................................................. 204
ÃËÀÂÀ 11. ÑÈËÓÐÈÉÑÊÈÉ ÏÅÐÈÎÄ............................................................................. 205
11.1. ÑÒÐÀÒÈÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÎÅ ÐÀÑ×ËÅÍÅÍÈÅ È ÑÒÐÀÒÎÒÈÏÛ.................. 205
11.2. ÎÐÃÀÍÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÌÈÐ........................................................................................ 207
11.3. ÏÀËÅÎÒÅÊÒÎÍÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ È ÏÀËÅÎÃÅÎÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÓÑËÎÂÈß 209
11.4. ÊËÈÌÀÒÈ×ÅÑÊÀß È ÁÈÎÃÅÎÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÇÎÍÀËÜÍÎÑÒÜ....... 216
11.5. ÏÎËÅÇÍÛÅ ÈÑÊÎÏÀÅÌÛÅ............................................................................. 219
ÃËÀÂÀ 12. ÄÅÂÎÍÑÊÈÉ ÏÅÐÈÎÄ................................................................................... 219
12.1. ÑÒÐÀÒÈÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÎÅ ÐÀÑ×ËÅÍÅÍÈÅ È ÑÒÐÀÒÎÒÈÏÛ.................. 219
12.2. ÎÐÃÀÍÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÌÈÐ........................................................................................ 221
12.3. ÏÀËÅÎÒÅÊÒÎÍÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ È ÏÀËÅÎÃÅÎÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÓÑËÎÂÈß 224
12.4. ÊËÈÌÀÒÈ×ÅÑÊÀß È ÁÈÎÃÅÎÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÇÎÍÀËÜÍÎÑÒÜ....... 236
12.5. ÏÎËÅÇÍÛÅ ÈÑÊÎÏÀÅÌÛÅ............................................................................. 239
ÃËÀÂÀ 13. ÊÀÌÅÍÍÎÓÃÎËÜÍÛÉ ÏÅÐÈÎÄ.............................................................. 240
13.3 ÑÒÐÀÒÈÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÎÅ ÐÀÑ×ËÅÍÅÍÈÅ È ÑÒÐÀÒÎÒÈÏÛ................... 240
13.2. ÎÐÃÀÍÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÌÈÐ........................................................................................ 246
13.4. ÊËÈÌÀÒÈ×ÅÑÊÀß È ÁÈÎÃÅÎÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÇÎÍÀËÜÍÎÑÒÜ....... 263
135. ÏÎËÅÇÍÛÅ ÈÑÊÎÏÀÅÌÛÅ.............................................................................. 269
ÃËÀÂÀ 14. ÏÅÐÌÑÊÈÉ ÏÅÐÈÎÄ...................................................................................... 270
14.2. ÎÐÃÀÍÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÌÈÐ........................................................................................ 271
14.3. ÏÀËÅÎÒÅÊÒÎÍÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ È ÏÀËÅÎÃÅÎÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÓÑËÎÂÈß 274
14.5. ÏÎËÅÇÍÛÅ ÈÑÊÎÏÀÅÌÛÅ............................................................................. 289
ÌÅÇÎÇÎÉÑÊÀß ÝÐÀ.................................................................................................................. 290
ÃËÀÂÀ 15. ÒÐÈÀÑÎÂÛÉ ÏÅÐÈÎÄ................................................................................... 290
15.1. ÑÒÐÀÒÈÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÎÅ ÐÀÑ×ËÅÍÅÍÈÅ È ÑÒÐÀÒÎÒÈÏÛ.................. 290
15.2. ÎÐÃÀÍÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÌÈÐ........................................................................................ 292
15.3. ÏÀËÅÎÒÅÊÒÎÍÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ È ÏÀËÅÎÃÅÎÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÓÑËÎÂÈß 294
15.4. ÊËÈÌÀÒÈ×ÅÑÊÀß È ÁÈÎÃÅÎÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÇÎÍÀËÜÍÎÑÒÜ....... 303
15.5. ÏÎËÅÇÍÛÅ ÈÑÊÎÏÀÅÌÛÅ............................................................................. 305
ÃËÀÂÀ 16. ÞÐÑÊÈÉ ÏÅÐÈÎÄ........................................................................................... 307
16.1. ÑÒÐÀÒÈÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÎÅ ÐÀÑ×ËÅÍÅÍÈÅ È ÑÒÐÀÒÎÒÈÏÛ.................. 307
16.2. ÎÐÃÀÍÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÌÈÐ........................................................................................ 312
163. ÏÀËÅÎÒÅÊÒÎÍÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ È ÏÀËÅÎÃÅÎÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÓÑËÎÂÈß. 315
16.4. ÊËÈÌÀÒÈ×ÅÑÊÀß È ÁÈÎÃÅÎÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÇÎÍÀËÜÍÎÑÒÜ....... 325
165. ÏÎËÅÇÍÛÅ ÈÑÊÎÏÀÅÌÛÅ.............................................................................. 331
ÃËÀÂÀ 17. ÌÅËÎÂÎÉ ÏÅÐÈÎÄ......................................................................................... 331
17.1. ÑÒÐÀÒÈÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÎÅ ÐÀÑ×ËÅÍÅÍÈÅ È ÑÒÐÀÒÎÒÈÏÛ.................. 332
17.2. ÎÐÃÀÍÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÌÈÐ........................................................................................ 335
17.3. ÏÀËÅÎÒÅÊÒÎÍÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ È ÏÀËÅÎÃÅÎÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÓÑËÎÂÈß 341
17.4. ÝÂÎËÞÖÈß È ÂÛÌÈÐÀÍÈÅ ÔÀÓÍÛ Â ÌÅËÎÂÎÌ ÏÅÐÈÎÄÅ......... 356
175. ÊËÈÌÀÒÈ×ÅÑÊÀß È ÁÈÎÃÅÎÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÇÎÍÀËÜÍÎÑÒÜ........ 358
17.6 ÏÎËÅÇÍÛÅ ÈÑÊÎÏÀÅÌÛÅ.............................................................................. 363
ÊÀÉÍÎÇÎÉÑÊÀß ÝÐÀ............................................................................................................... 364
18.2 ÎÐÃÀÍÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÌÈÐ......................................................................................... 368
18.3. ÏÀËÅÎÒÅÊÒÎÍÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ È ÏÀËÅÎÃÅÎÃÐÀÔÈ×ÑÑÊÈÅ ÓÑËÎÂÈß 369
18.4. ÊËÈÌÀÒÈ×ÅÑÊÀß È ÁÈÎÃÅÎÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÇÎÍÀËÜÍÎÑÒÜ....... 383
18.5. ÏÎËÅÇÍÛÅ ÈÑÊÎÏÀÅÌÛÅ............................................................................. 388
ÃËÀÂÀ 19. ÍÅÎÃÅÍÎÂÛÉ ÏÅÐÈÎÄ............................................................................... 389
19.1 ÑÒÐÀÒÈÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÎÅ ÐÀÑ×ËÅÍÅÍÈÅ È ÑÒÐÀÒÎÒÈÏÛ................... 389
19.2. ÎÐÃÀÍÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÌÈÐ........................................................................................ 391
19.3. ÏÀËÅÎÒÅÊÒÎÍÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ È ÏÀËÅÎÃÅÎÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÓÑËÎÂÈß 393
19.4. ÊËÈÌÀÒÈ×ÅÑÊÀß È ÁÈÎÃÅÎÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÇÎÍÀËÜÍÎÑÒÜ....... 407
19.5 ÏÎËÅÇÍÛÅ ÈÑÊÎÏÀÅÌÛÅ.............................................................................. 410
ÃËÀÂÀ 20. ×ÅÒÂÅÐÒÈ×ÍÛÉ (ÀÍÒÐÎÏÎÃÅÍÎÂÛÈ) ÏÅÐÈÎÄ.......................... 412
20.1. ÑÒÐÀÒÈÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÎÅ ÐÀÑ×ËÅÍÅÍÈÅ.................................................... 412
20.2. ÎÐÃÀÍÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÌÈÐ........................................................................................ 417
20.3. ÏÐÈÐÎÄÍÛÅ ÓÑËÎÂÈß..................................................................................... 420
20.4. ÏÎËÅÇÍÛÅ ÈÑÊÎÏÀÅÌÛÅ............................................................................. 427
ÇÀÊËÞ×ÅÍÈÅ.............................................................................................................................. 428
ËÈÒÅÐÀÒÓÐÀ................................................................................................................................ 438
ÎÃËÀÂËÅÍÈÅ ÝËÅÊÒÐÎÍÍÎÅ............................................................................................. 449
Äàòà ïóáëèêîâàíèÿ: 2014-11-04; Ïðî÷èòàíî: 310 | Íàðóøåíèå àâòîðñêîãî ïðàâà ñòðàíèöû | Ìû ïîìîæåì â íàïèñàíèè âàøåé ðàáîòû!
