Главная Случайная страница Контакты | Мы поможем в написании вашей работы! | ||
|
7. Gerunds can often be modified with possessive forms such as his, her, its, your, their, our, John's, Mary's, the machine's, and so on. This makes it clearer who or what is performing the action.
Examples:
8. Some verbs are followed by a noun plus an infinitive. In some situations, the noun is required. In other situations, the noun is optional. List of Verbs Followed by a Noun + an Infinitive
Examples:
9. Some verbs are usually followed by a gerund, BUT they can also be followed by a noun plus infinitive. Using a noun plus infinitive will usually change who is performing the action. List of Verbs followed by a Gerund OR a Noun + Infinitive
Examples:
10. There are many "go + gerund" expressions used for adventure sports and individual recreational activities.
Examples:
11. Gerunds are used after prepositions. Most commonly, these are "verb + preposition" combinations. For reference, see the Verb + Preposition Dictionary and the Phrasal Verb Dictionary. You don't have to memorize these resources, you just need to remember that gerunds are used after prepositions!
Examples:
12. Remember that there are many "adjective + preposition" combinations and "noun + preposition" combinations in English as well. These are also followed by gerunds. (List of Adjective + Preposition Combinations Followed by Gerunds and List of Noun + Preposition Combinations Followed by Gerunds). Once again, you don't have to memorize these resources, you just need to remember that gerunds are used after prepositions!
Examples:
Verbs Followed by Nouns + Infinitives
9 9 = verb followed by a gerund OR a noun + an infinitive
10 13 = verb followed by a gerund OR an infinitive with a difference in meaning.
List 1: Verb + Required Noun + Infinitive
advise [9] | I advised them to see a doctor. |
allow [9] | Ireland doesn't allow people to smoke in bars. |
cause | He caused her to make a mistake. |
convince | Ned convinced me to quit my job. |
enable | Financial aid enabled the students to pay such expensive tuition fees. |
encourage [9] | He encourages his patients to eat healthy foods. |
force | The commander forced the soldiers to march in the rain. |
get (cause to) | Isabelle got Mike to wash her car. |
hire | Mr. Donelly hired Sarah to work as a receptionist. |
invite | We invited them to join us. |
order | The police ordered him to put his hands in the air. |
permit [9] | California doesn't permit people to fish without a fishing license. |
remind | They reminded me to pay the bills before the end of the month. |
require [9] | The certificate requires students to complete two courses. |
tell | He told me to shut up. |
urge [9] | They urge citizens to recycle bottles and paper. |
warn | She warned him not to be late. |
List 2: Verb + Optional Noun + Infinitive
Notice in the examples below that the verbs can be followed by an infinitive or a noun plus an infinitive. When a noun is added, it usually changes who or what is performing the action. To understand this better, look at the first verb "ask" and its examples. In the first sentence, she is asking if she herself can leave. In the second sentence, she is requesting that a man leave. Study the examples below and consider how the optional noun changes the meaning.
ask | She asked to leave. | She asked him to leave. |
choose | I chose to help out. | I chose him to help out. |
expect | They expect to arrive early. | The expect him to arrive early. |
need [13] | I need to clean the house. | I need her to clean the house. |
prepare | They prepared to take the test. | They prepared her to take the test. |
promise | She promised to stop smoking | She promised him to stop smoking. |
threaten | He threatened to leave forever. | He threatened her to leave forever. |
want | I want to study Spanish. | I want my son to study Spanish. |
wish | I wish to stay. | I wish him to stay. rare form |
would like | We would like to start now. | We would like him to start now. |
Verbs Followed by Either Gerunds OR Nouns + Infinitives
advise | I advised seeing a doctor. | I advised them to see a doctor. |
allow | Ireland doesn't allow smoking in bars. | Ireland doesn't allow people to smoke in bars. |
encourage | He encourages eating healthy foods. | He encourages his patients to eat healthy foods. |
permit | California doesn't permit fishing without a fishing license. | California doesn't permit people to fish without a fishing license. |
require | The certificate requires completing two courses. | The certificate requires students to complete two courses. |
urge | They urge recycling bottles and paper. | They urge citizens to recycle bottles and paper. |
Go + Gerund List
go boating | go sailing |
go bowling | go scuba diving |
go bungee jumping | go shopping |
go camping | go sightseeing |
go canoeing | go skateboarding |
go climbing | go skating |
go dancing | go skiing |
go fishing | go skinny-dipping |
go hiking | go skydiving |
go horseback riding | go sledding |
go hunting | go snorkeling |
go jogging | go snowboarding |
go kayaking | go spearfishing |
go mountain climbing | go surfing |
go paragliding | go trekking |
go parasailing | go water skiing |
go rollerblading | go window shopping |
go running | go windsurfing |
Adjective + Preposition Combinations Followed by Gerunds
The following is ONLY A SAMPLE LIST of the most commonly used adjective + preposition combinations that can be followed by gerunds.
accustomed to | He is accustomed to having his own office. |
addicted to | She is addicted to watching TV. |
afraid of | She is afraid of speaking in public. |
anxious about | Norma is anxious about making the presentation. |
bored of | I am bored of doing the same old job. |
capable of | He is capable of winning a gold medal. |
committed to | She is committed to improving her English. |
concerned about | Nancy was concerned about being late. |
content with | Tim is content with winning second place. |
dedicated to | The organization is dedicated to ending poverty. |
devoted to | The money will be devoted to protecting the environment. |
disappointed with | Fiona was disappointed with coming in third place. |
discouraged by | He was discouraged by not getting the job. |
excited about | The researcher was excited about going to Africa. |
famous for | That actor is famous for being extremely weird. |
fond of | She is fond of having picnics. |
frightened of | She is frightened of being alone at night. |
guilty of | The banker was guilty of stealing money. |
happy about | He was happy about winning the lottery. |
interested in | She is interested in becoming a doctor. |
involved in | He was involved in making the movie. |
known for | She was known for causing problems. |
proud of | He was proud of having completed the marathon. |
remembered for | She is remembered for protecting mountain gorillas. |
responsible for | He is responsible for causing the damage. |
scared of | Tina is scared of being alone at night. |
terrified of | The surfer is terrified of being attacked by a shark. |
tired from | She is tired from working all day. |
tired of | Margaret is tired of making dinner every night. |
worried about | The hikers were worried about not having enough water. |
Noun + Preposition Combinations Followed by Gerunds
The following is ONLY A SAMPLE LIST of the most commonly used noun + preposition combinations that can be followed by gerunds.
Дата публикования: 2014-11-02; Прочитано: 585 | Нарушение авторского права страницы | Мы поможем в написании вашей работы!