UNSC Role in International Security

The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of the UN. Under the United Nations Charter, the Security Council is primarily responsible for maintaining international peace and security. Under Chapter VII of the Charter, the UNSC is the only UN organ that can order enforcement action if a case of aggression or breach of peace has been established. Enforcement action can range from economic sanctions to military measures. Disputes and breaches of peace may be brought before the Security Council by any UN member nation. Countries that are not members of the council may be invited to participate in the discussion without a vote.

The UNSC has 15 members, of which 5 are permanent: the United States, Russia, Great Britain, France, and China. The other members are elected by the General Assembly (GA) to serve nonconsecutive two-year terms. Every year five new countries are elected to these seats, which rotate on a geographical basis: five from Asia, Africa, and the Middle East; two from Western countries; two from Latin America; and one from Eastern Europe. The presidency of the Council is held for a month at a time by each of the members.

Nine affirmative votes are required to pass a resolution. In procedural decisions, any nine votes suffice. On all substantive matters, however, all five permanent members must support the resolution. A negative vote from any of the five permanent members prevents the adoption of any resolution, even if all other members vote in favor. This negative vote is known as the veto right of the great powers.

The UNSC also recommends to GA admission of new UN members and appointment of a new Secretary General. The Council participates equally with the GA in electing judges to the International Court of Justice. The UNSC has standing committees and may establish ad hoc bodies.