Exercise 2. Vocabulary. Learn by heart the following words

appliance n приспособление, прибор

apply v обращаться (for-за помощью, справкой, to-к кому-л)

branch n ветвь, филиал, отрасль

concern v касаться, относиться, интересовать

conflict with nature противоречить природе, бороться с природой

deal (with) v иметь дело с чем-л., кем-л.

divide (into) v делить, разделять

distinguish (from) v отличать

execute v выполнять

harbour n гавань

lead (to) v вести (к)

protect oneself against защищаться от чего-л.

sustain v поддерживать, выдерживать

…in amore extended sense в более широком смысле

The former…, while the latter… первый (имеется в виду из двух

упомянутых

Here are some fields of

Civil engineering. Вот некоторые области строительства.

Exercise 3. Answer the questions

1. What does the word “engineering” mean?

2. Is engineering a science?

3. What branches is Civil engineering divided into?

4. How old is the profession of a Civil engineer?

5. What distinct meanings has the term “Civil engineering”?

6. What fields of Civil engineering do you know?

7. What are the most important branches of Civil engineering?

8. What invention laid the foundation for mechanical engineers?

9. When was electrical engineering developed?

10. What are the main subdivisions of the electrical engineering?

Exercise 4. Give Russian equivalents to the following international words without a dictionary. Learn them by heart.

start mechanics

mechanism economics

principle mathematics

architecture thermodynamics

energy communication

material utilization

form fortification

construction application

element general

Exercise 5. Control reading of the text. Read and answer the questions. Give title to each part of the text

Part 1

In general, engineering is a science that deals with design, construction and operation of structures, machines, engines and other devices. Engineer is a person who has received technical education and has a basic knowledge of other engineering fields, because most engineering problems are complex and interrelated. The term engineering is difficult to translate into Russian because it has a lot of meanings. Most of ten it is translated as: инженерное дело, техника, машиностроение, строительство. There exist the following main branches of engineering:

Part 2

Civil engineering deals with the design of large buildings, roads, bridges, dams, canals, railway lines, airports, tunnels and other constructions. A civil engineer must have a thorough knowledge of the properties and mechanics of construction materials, the mechanics of structures and soils, and of hydraulics and fluid mechanics. Among the main subdivisions in this field are construction engineering (строительство), transports engineering (дорожный транспорт) and hydraulic engineering (гидротехника).

Exercise 2.Answer the questions:

1. Is engineering a science?

2. How can we translate the word «engineering»? What are the Russian equivalents for this term?

3. What do civil engineers deal with?

4. What are the main subdivisions in the field of civil engineering?