Text 1. Language learning strategies system of rebecca Oxford

Based on earlier research into learning strategies, Oxford (1990) developed a new language learning strategy system, which includes two main classifications: direct strategies and indirect strategies. Direct strategies are specific ways that involve use of language, sub-divided into memory, cognitive and compensation strategies. Indirect strategies do not directly involve using the language, but they support language learning (Ehrman & Oxford, 1990), and are further divided into metacognitive, affective, and social strategies.

These strategies can be specified as follows: 1) Memory strategies for remembering and retrieving new information. 2) Cognitive strategies for understanding and producing the language. 3) Compensation strategies for using the language despite lack of knowledge. 4) Metacognitive strategies for coordinating the learning process. 5) Affective strategies for regulating emotions. 6) Social strategies for learning with others (Oxford, 1990:14-15). These six broad strategies include nineteen secondary strategies with a further sixty-two specific strategies and lay the fundamentals of Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL) (Oxford, 1990).

Compared with earlier research into language learning strategies, Oxford’s (1990) classification of language learning strategies is more comprehensive and detailed. Recent studies (Ehrman & Oxford, 1989; Oxford & Nyikos, 1989; Phillips, 1991; Green, 1991) applying the SILL claimed that using language learning strategies would have valuable influence on language proficiency. Based on this complete list of strategies, Oxford (1990) developed SILL, which is a useful instrument designed to test ESL/EFL learners’ strategy use. As a result, researchers have been working on the factors that affect language learning strategy use, and these studies not only indicate variables affecting learning strategy use but also contribute to the field of investigation into language learning strategies.

(Source: Chien Kuo Lee. An overview of language learning strategies (2010).

Annual Review of Education, Communication and Language Sciences. 7, 132-152.)