Правило четырех степеней аспирации

Английские глухие смычные взрывные согласные /p, t, k/ (voiceless stops) в зависимости от позиции в слове произносятся с разной степенью аспирации: 1. С наибольшей аспирацией —в позиции абсолютного начала слова перед ударными напряженными гласными /i, з, u, ¿, α/ или дифтонгами (tea, car, pie, cold). 2. Со средней степенью аспирации —в позиции абсолютного начала слова перед ударными ненапряженными гласными /ı, e, æ, \, Ã,, o/(pepper, cat, pig). 3. С небольшой аспирацией —в интервокальной позиции перед безударными гласными (pepper, happen, Peter, bottom). 4. Аспирация отсутствует, если /p, t, k/ стоят в позиции после /s/ (Spain, stick).

Упражнение 8.

Прочитайте предложения, заменяя конечный смычный /t/ на гортанную смычку:

1. Since i t happened to be such a nice day Mortimer though t he’d go to the beach.

2. Maggie saw a bla ck ca t tha t caugh t a mouse.

3. Max is the boy tha t si t s nex t to me in my class.

4. Vegetarians don’ t ea t mea t.

5. Wha t can they say abou t i t?

6. Caroline’s no t coming back so i t ’s no use eating your hear t ou t.

7. Le t Frank go. He though t he was in deep trouble, bu t he go t off easy.

8. Alice can’ t stand i t any longer.

9. If you sa t down and talke d i t through you could reach an agreemen t.

10. I t was made of co tt on.

11. Could you say tha t again? Basil didn’t catch the las t bi t.

12. At firs t Gerald fel t awkward, bu t he soon learned to fi t in.

13. Tha t new haircu t sui t s Bella.

14. Bu tt on your bu tt ons.

15. Stella’s trying to ge t the house into a fi t sta te for visitors.

16. Grea t Bri t ain has many moun t ains.

Упражнение 9.

Прочитайте предложения, обращая внимание на разницу
в произношении.

1. I don’t know what Norman sought / saw.

2. They can seat / see Walter.

3. Did you have a good date / day?

4. Gordon’s going to bite / buy that pencil.

5. Did Thomas see her goat /go?

6. Where’s my belt / bell?

7. George’s cart / car was stolen.

8. I don’t know what August sought / saw in Flora.

9. It isn’t the date / day Theodore wants.

10. Paul’s going to bite / buy it.

Упражнение 10.

Прочитайте слова, обращая внимание на разницу в звучании английского окончания -ed.

Played, sounded, opened, rolled, looked, turned, started, jumped, shaved, brushed,realised,combed,dressed,wanted,decided, rushed,hated, fixed, toasted,fried,raced, stared,pulled,popped, returned, climbed,changed,composted,composed,constituted, compassed, commuted, foamed, fobbed, flounced, floated, guaranteed, grumbled, grudged, heartened, hazarded, knotted.

Phoneme /∫/ — voiceless palato-alveolar fricative.

Shoe, she, wish, fashion, tradition, cautious, social, delicious, ocean, permission, tissue, pressure, sure, sugar, machine, Chicago.

Упражнение А11.

/∫/

∫i dı∫ ‘dı∫ız

∫it sæ∫ ‘dæ∫ız

∫ed læ∫ ‘næ∫ız

∫el næ∫ ‘læ∫ız

æ∫

Tongue-Twisters

/∫/: She sells sea-shells on the sea shore,

The shells she sells are sea-shells I am sure.

Phoneme /p/ —voiceless bilabial plosive.

Pan, play, cap, rope, happy, open, camping, help.

Не произносится /p/ в словах: psalm, psychology, pneumonia, pseudonym, receipt, cupboard, raspberry, coup, corps.

Упражнение А12.

/p/

pi pet

piz pæt

pın pip — tıp

pen dip — dıp

pn lip — lıp

pınz ∫ip — ∫ıp

penz

pænz

Tongue-Twisters

/p/: Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled pepper;

A peck of pickled pepper Peter Piper picked;

If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled pepper,

Where’s the peck of pickled pepper Peter Piper picked?

Phoneme /b/ — voiced bilabial plosive.

Ban, blade, cab, robe, rubber, baby, number, bulb.

Hе произносится / b/ в словах: debt, doubt, subtle, lamb, comb, dumb, climb, bomb, plumber.

Упражнение А13.

/b/

bi bæd

bid nıb

bin eb

ben læb

bel nıbz

bed ebz

bet læbz

Tongue-Twisters

/b/: Betty Botter bought, some butter,

But, she said, the butter’s bitter;

If I put it in my batter

It will make my batter bitter,

But a bit of better butter

Will make my batter better.

So she bought a bit of butter

Better than her bitter butter,

And she put it in her batter

And the batter was not bitter,

So ‘twas better Betty Botter bought a bit of better butter.

Упражнение А14.

/p/ — /b/

pi — bi	piz — biz
pın — bın	pıt — bıt
pet — bet	pen — ben
pæn — bæn	tıp — nıb
læp — læb	tıps — nıbz
læps — læbz

Упражнение А15.

/i/ — /ı/ — /e/ — /æ/

did — dıd — ded — dæd

bid — bıd — bed — bæd

bin — bın — ben — bæn

tin — tın — ten — tæn

bit — bıt — bet — bæt

pit — pıt — pet — pæt

sit — sıt — set — sæt

Phoneme /m/ — voiced bilabial nasal.

Make, some, simmer, smile, socialism, autumn, diaphragm, comb.

Упражнение А16.

/m/

mi dim

mil sim

mit dım

mıd temz

mes sæm

me∫ læm

mæs læmz