V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, принимая во внимание правила согласования времен и бессоюзное подчинение

A major advance in twentieth century manufacturing was the development of mass production techniques. Mass production refers to manufacturing processes in which an assembly line, usually a conveyer belt, moves the product to stations where each worker performs a limited number of operations until the product is assembled. In the automobile assembly plant such systems have reached a highly-developed form. A complex system of conveyer belts and chain drives moves car parts to workers who perform the thousands of necessary assembling tasks.

Mass production increases efficiency and productivity to a point beyond which the monotony of repeating an operation over and over slows down the workers. Many ways have been tried to increase productivity on assembly lines: some of them are as superficial as piping music into the plant or painting the industrial apparatus in bright colors; others entail giving workers more variety in their tasks and more responsibility for the product.

These human factors are important considerations for industrial engineers who must try to balance an efficient system of manufacturing with the complex needs of workers.

Another factor for the industrial engineer to consider is whether each manufacturing process can be automated in whole or in part. Automation is a word coined in the 1940s to describe processes by which machines do tasks previously performed by people. The word was new but the idea was not. We know of the advance in the develop­ment of steam engines that produced automatic valves. Long before that, during the Middle Ages, windmills had been made to turn by taking advantage of changes in the wind by means of devices that worked automatically.

Automation was first applied to industry in continuous-process manufacturing such as refining petroleum, making petrochemicals, and refining steel. A later development was computer-controlled automation of assembly line manufacturing, especially those in which quality control was an important factor.

VIII. Прочтите еще раз текст и письменно ответьте на во­просы.

1. What is a major development in manufacturing in the twentieth century?

2. What does mass production refer to?

3. How is mass production often exemplified by the assembly of automobiles?

4. How is it possible to increase productivity on assembly lines?

5. When and why was the word "automation" coined?

6. Which factors is the industrial engineer to consider to balance an efficient system of manufacturing with the complex needs of workers?

7. To what kinds of industries was automation first applied?

8. What was a later development in industrial automation?