А) Составьте краткое высказывание о развитии профессии проектировщика

Б) Обсудите в парах роль инженера-проектировщика в современном мире и в ближайшем будущем.

UNIT 8

FOUNDATIONS OF BUILDINGS

Подберите русские эквиваленты следующим словам, содержащим интернациональные корни

Foundation, category, type, historically, limit, geometrical, problem, seasonal, thermal, adequate.

Запомните необходимый минимум профессиональной лексики

transfer load	передавать нагрузку
shallow foundation	фундамент мелкого заложения
deep foundation	фундамент глубокого заложения
embed	погружать, заглублять
spread footing	фундамент на естественном основании
bedrock	скальное основание
slab-on-grade foundation	сплошной фундамент
helical pile	спиральная свая
impact driven pile	забивная свая
caisson	свая-колонна
pier	бык, опора, стойка
pre-tensioned concrete	предварительно-напряженный бетон
geotechnical engineer	инженер-геотехник
settlement	осадка, оседание
bearing capacity	несущая способность
scour	размыв, подмыв
frost heave	пучение (грунта) при замерзании
swell	набухать, вспучиваться
shrink	давать усадку, сжиматься
footing	основание, подстилающий слой
distort	перекашиваться, деформироваться
raft	опорная плита

Прочитайте текст. Пользуясь словарем, определите значение незнакомых слов

FOUNDATIONS

A foundation is a structure that transfers loads to the earth. Foundations are generally broken into two categories: shallow foundations and deep foundations.

A shallow foundation is usually embedded a meter or so into soil. One common type is the spread footing which consists of pads of concrete or other materials which extend below the frost line and transfer the weight from walls and columns to the soil or bedrock. Another common type is the slab-on-grade foundation where the weight of the building is transferred to the soil through a concrete slab placed at the surface.

A deep foundation is used to transfer a load from a structure through an upper weak layer of soil to a stronger deeper layer of soil.

There are different types of deep foundations including helical piles, impact driven piles, caissons, piers, and earth stabilized columns. The naming conventions for different types of foundations vary among different engineers. Historically, piles were wood, later steel, reinforced concrete, and pre-tensioned concrete. Foundations are designed to have an adequate load capacity with limited settlement by a geotechnical engineer, and the foundation itself is designed structurally by a structural engineer.

The primary design concerns are settlement and bearingcapacity. When considering settlement, total settlement and differential settlement normally considered. Differential settlement is when one part of a foundation settles more than another part. This can cause problems to the structure the foundation is supporting. It is necessary that a foundation is not loaded beyond its bearing capacity or the foundation will fail.

Other design considerations include scour and frost heave. Scour is when flowing water removes supporting soil from around a foundation (like a pier supporting a bridge over a river). Frost heave occurs when water in the ground freezes to form ice lenses.

Changes in soil moisture can cause expansive clay to swell and shrink. This swelling can vary across the footing due to seasonal changes or the effects of vegetation removing moisture. The variation in swell can cause the soil to distort, cracking the structure over it. This is a particular problem for house footings in semi-arid climates such as South Australia, Southwestern US, Turkey, Israel, Iran and South Africa where wet winters are followed by hot dry summers. Raft slabs with inherent stiffness have been developed in Australia with capabilities to resist this movement. When structures are built in areas of permafrost, special consideration must be given to the thermal effect the structure will have on the permafrost. Generally, the structure is designed in a way that tries to prevent the permafrost from melting.