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This study demonstrated that lingua franca speakers do not treat their common language as something different from what they use with native speakers. Rather they are constrained by the specific nature of lingua franca communication, which requires them to use the linguistic code as directly as possible even if their language proficiency would allow them to sound more native-like than they actually do. It should be underlined, however, that this is not a simplistic way of using the common language although a particular simplification is also essential in this language use mode. The complexity of lingua franca can be detected on the discourse rather than the utterance level. Using their linguistic repertoire, lingua franca speakers try to do two things. First, they make an attempt to stick to the original rules of the game inasmuch as it supports their communicative goals, and second, they try to create some ad hoc rules of the game “on-line”, during the lingua franca interaction.
English Lingua Franca can hardly be considered a language, or even a variety of language. Rather it is a language use mode, which should be described from a cognitive-pragmatic perspective. The language competence of ELF speakers is put to use under particular circumstances in which the participants usually represent several different languages and cultures. The result is a language use mode which has some common pragmatic, discourse and grammatical features. Therefore, the primary goal of ELF research should be to investigate discourse strategies that keep this language use mode coherent, pragmatic structures that give its uniqueness and lexico-grammatical features that account for its closeness to standard English. Further research should also focus on Lingua Franca Pragmatics that will not only describe the characteristic features of lingua franca communication but also relate the new findings to existing concepts within the pragmatics paradigm such as intention, cooperation, common ground, mutual knowledge, inference and relevance. This paper has been an attempt in that direction.
Instruction: The role of formulaic language has generally received only marginal attention within linguistic and second language acquisition theory. While there has been continuing interest in the phenomenon, no coherent overall model has yet emerged. Istvan Kecskes’ research provides an up-to-date survey of the second language literature on the role of formulaic language. Drawing on a variety of approaches, and including reference to native language learning and use he considers different functions of formulaic language, i.e. as communicative, production, and learning strategy. Istvan Kecskes’ paper argues that the most urgent task is to address the difficulties surrounding the identification of formulaic language and to place the study of formulaic language within a larger, coherent framework. It is suggested that this may only be possible by abandoning strict boundaries between English Lingua Franca knowledge and use.
Use samples of formulaic language given below for abstract, summary and critique writing.
to begin by explaining the broad-scale or general context
to place your topic in perspective
to lend itself to rigorous analysis
to reach/to draw a conclusion
to develop a research hypothesis,
to jot down
to come to mind
to center-justify or left-justify the headings
to set out the title of the paper, the name of the course, and the name of the paper's author
to be plagued with spelling and syntax errors
to be checked against other reputable sources
to come to the very heart of
to opt for
to bore smb to distraction
to submit prepackaged research papers downloaded from the Web
to quote verbatim (word for word).
presentation framework
key elements
the broad context for the paper set out at the global, regional, and national levels
it is testable in a quantitative fashion
plagiarism is the act of passing someone else's work off as your own
direct plagiarism
indirect plagiarism
common knowledge
once you have read
the author’s premise – assumption, (pre)supposition; (pre)condition, prerequisite
crucial to
state your research question
a framework for
the appropriate place to provide a historical background to
the "heart" of your research paper
thesis statement
a key pattern or concept
parenthetical reference
the issue under investigation.
a critique paper
your field articles
the impact of the results.
in the long run
Unit 2-23. NON-NATIVE/NON-NATIVE LINGUA FRANCA INTERACTION
Дата публикования: 2015-09-17; Прочитано: 1455 | Нарушение авторского права страницы | Мы поможем в написании вашей работы!