Linking Words

Knowing the meaning and the purpose of linking words in sentences can be very useful for academic reading. For example, in the following passage there are two linking words:

Because English is not the first language of many international business people, their use of the language may be peppered with culture-specific or non-standard English phrases, which can hamper the communication process. Both Because and which give: consequence – which, between clauses, and reason – Because, between sentences.

The more common linking words can be divided into six main groups according to their purpose.

1. Showing sequence, e.g., finally, firstly, secondly, then, next, after this.

Finally, if language barriers present themselves, it may be in every one's best interest to employ a reliable, experienced translator.

2. Giving additional information, e.g., as well, even, in addition, also, besides this, as well as, and.

Be mindful of time zone differences and work to keep everyone involved aware and respectful of such differences.

3. Giving examples, e.g., for example, such as, for instance, be illustrated by.

For instance, they may observe different holidays, or even have different hours of operation.

4. Giving reasons or causes, e.g., the cause, be the result of, because of this, due to this, be caused by this, because, result from.

Because English is not the first language of many international business people...

5. Showing contrast, e.g., but, however, though, although, while, despite, even though, whereas, on the other hand.

… We didn't all come over on the same ship, but we're all in the same boat.

Note: Even though the above linking words may be in one group, in sentences, they are often used in different ways.