Прочитайте и переведите текст. Education after 16 is voluntary in the United Kingdom

Education after 16 is voluntary in the United Kingdom. Students, who live in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, must take at the age of 16 the examinations for the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE). In Scotland students receive the Scottish Certificate of Education. After this exam students can choose to stay on in school or attend colleges of further education.

British universities are self-governing and are guaranteed academic independence. Funding for education and research is provided by funding councils set up by Parliament. The number of universities jumped in 1992 when polytechnics and some other higher education establishments were given the right to become universities. By the end of 1994, there were about 90 universities, almost half of them former polytechnics, including the Open University.

Many colleges of Oxford and Cambridge universities were founded in the 12th and 13th centuries. All other universities in Britain were founded in the 19th and 20th centuries. The Open University, based in Milton Keynes, England, was founded in 1969. It uses extension techniques of correspondence courses, television and radio programmes, and videocassettes, supported by local study centre and residential summer schools, to provide higher education opportunities to a wide variety of people.

During the 1960s there was a significant increase in the number of new universities, reflecting a fast growth in student numbers, which was made possible by an expansion in grant facilities. During the 1980s, an expansion in higher education places led to another large jump in student numbers. In the 1992-1993 academic year there were more than 1.4 million students in full- or part-time higher education in Great Britain, compared with just under 850,000 a decadeearlier. About one quarter of young people are in higher education in England, Wales, and Scotland; one third in Northern Ireland. About 90 per cent of students get state grants to cover tuition fees and living costs. The size of the grant is determined by parents’ income. Since the late 1980s, however, grants have been frozen; students can apply for a student loan. [3]

3. Переведите на английский язык:

1.В возрасте 16 лет каждый житель Великобритании обязан сдать экзамены на получение Сертификата о среднем образовании.

2. Экзамены продвинутого уровня являются необходи­мым требованием для поступления в университет.

3. Британские университеты являются полностью са­моуправляемыми.

4. В 1992 году Политехническим институтам было предоставлено право стать университетами.

5.Открытый университет, широко известный своими технологиями дистанционного обучения, был основан в 1969 году.

6. В 60-е годы в Соединённом королевстве наметился значительный рост числа университетов.

7. Размер гранта на обучение определяется исходя из дохода родителей.

4. Что Вы, будучи студентом по обмену в Оксфордском университете, расскажете своим российским друзьям об организации учебного процесса в университетах Великобритании, о трудовой деятельности и быте студентов, об их досуге?