Microbiology

unicellular – одноклеточный

cell cluster – зд. многоклеточный

acellular – бесклеточный

eukaryote – эукариот

fungi [fANgaI] – (мн. ч..) грибы, грибки, ед. ч. - fungus

protist – (мн. ч.) протисты, простейшие одноклеточные организмы, ед. ч. – protista

prokaryote – прокариот

prion - прион (вирусоподобный агент, вызывающий заболевания нервной системы)

mycology – микология (наука, изучающая грибы)

stains and dyes – красители

Microbiology is the study of microscopicorganisms, which are defined as any living organism that is either a single cell (unicellular), a cell cluster, or has no cells at all (acellular). They include eukaryotes, such as fungi and protists, and prokaryotes. Viruses and prions, though not strictly classed as living organisms, are also studied. Microbiology typically includes the study of the immune system, or Immunology. Generally, immune systems interact with pathogenic microbes; these two disciplines often intersect that is why many colleges offer a paired degree such as "Microbiology and Immunology".

Microbiology is a broad term which includes virology, mycology, parasitology, bacteriology, immunology and other branches. A microbiologist is a specialist in microbiology and these related topics.

Microbiological procedures must usually be aseptic, and use a variety of tools such as light microscopes with a combination of stains and dyes, agar plates in petri dishes, biochemical test and running tests against particular growth conditions. Specific constraints apply to particular fields of microbiology, such as parasitology, which heavily utilizes the light microscopy; whereas microscopy’s utility in bacteriology is limited due to the similarity is many cells physiology. Indeed, most means of differentiating bacteria is based on growth or biochemical reactions. Virology has very little need for light microscopes, relying on almost entirely molecular means. Mycology relies on all technologies the most evenly, from macroscopy to molecular techniques.

Microbiology is actively researched, and the field is advancing continuously. It is estimated that only about one percent of the microorganisms present in a given environmental sample are culturable and the number of bacterial cells and species on Earth is still not possible to be determined, recent estimates indicate that it can be extremely. Although microbes were directly observed over three hundred years ago, the precise determination, quantitation and description of their functions are far to be complete, given the overwhelming diversity detected by genetic and culture-independent means.

Answer the questions:

1. What is microbiology?

2. How are microscopic organisms defined?

3. What do microscopic organisms include?

4. Are viruses and prions also studied?

5. What does microbiology typically include?

6. Is microbiology a broad term?

7. Must microbiological procedures usually be aseptic?

8. What tools must microbiological procedures usually use?

9. What are most means of differentiating bacteria based on?

10. When were microbes directly observed?