Стандарт TETRA

 Terrestrial Trunked Radio - открытый общеевропейский стандарт профессиональной цифровой транкинговой радиосвязи.

 Основными пользователями являются силовые организации, службы экстренной помощи, органы государственного управления, службы общественной безопасности, муниципальные службы, транспортные предприятия. Используется всеми странами-членами ETSI. Коммерческое использование началось в1997.

Диапазоны частот	380 - 390 МГц (MS) 390 - 400 МГц (BS) 410 - 420 МГц (MS) 420 - 430 МГц (BS) 450 - 460 МГц (MS) 460 - 470 МГц (BS) 870 - 915 МГц (MS) 915 - 950 МГц (BS)
Разнос каналов	25 кГц
Модуляция, тип используемого фильтра	PI/4 DQPSK (Differential QPSK) Фильтр RRC (a = 0.35)
Технология множественного доступа	TDMA
Метод передачи данных	Коммутация каналов и коммутация пакетов
Символьная или чиповая скорость	18 кс/с
Пользовательская скорость передачи данных	28,8 кбит/с без защиты
Основные услуги	Связь в цифровых сетях профессиональной подвижной радиосвязи PMR (Private Mobile Radio) и PAMR (Public Access Mobile Radio)
Кодирование речи	ACELP

Поддерживающая организация: ETSI.

Организации по стандартам связи

1394 Trade Association 817-410-5750 / Grapevine, TX The IEEE 1394 multimedia connection enables simple, low cost, high bandwidth isochronous (real time) data interfacing between computers, peripherals, and consumer electronics products such as camcorders, VCRs, printers, PCs, TVs, and digital cameras.   3G Newsroom 3rd Generation Wireless Technology.   3G Americas 425-372-8925 Unites mobile operators and manufacturers in the Americas to provide a single voice to represent the GSM family of wireless technologies GSM, GPRS, EDGE, and UMTS/HSDPA.   3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project web site.   3G Tutorial By Brough Turner and Marc Orange, NMS Communications.   IEEE802.x Specification Downloads The IEEE makes these released standards documents available freely for download. IEEE 802: Overview & Architecture IEEE 802.1 Bridging & Management IEEE 802.2: Logical Link Control IEEE 802.3: CSMA/CD Access Method IEEE 802.5: Token Ring Access Method IEEE 802.11: Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) IEEE 802.15: Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN) IEEE 802.16: Broadband Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMAN) IEEE 802.17: Resilient Packet Rings   802.11 Working Group IEEE P802.11 is a standards working group on wireless local area networks. The working group is a part of IEEE LMSC (LAN MAN Standards Committee) formerly called IEEE Project 802. IEEE LMSC reports to the Standards Activity Board (SAB) of the IEEE Computer Society.   Accellera Organization, Inc 707-251-9977 / Napa, CA Mission is to drive worldwide development & use of standards required by systems, semiconductor and design tools companies, which enhance a language-based design automation process.   Advanced Configuration & Power Interface (ACPI) ACPI (Advanced Configuration and Power Interface) is an open industry specification co-developed by Hewlett-Packard, Intel, Microsoft, Phoenix, and Toshiba. ACPI establishes industry-standard interfaces for OS-directed configuration and power management on laptops, desktops, and servers. Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) An international, non-profit organization develops voluntary standards for digital television. The ATSC member organizations represent the broadcast, broadcast equipment, motion picture, consumer electronics, computer, cable, satellite, and semiconductor industries.   American Association for Laboratory Accreditation (A2LA) 301-644-3248 / Frederick, MD Dedicated to the formal recognition of competent testing and calibration laboratories, inspection bodies, proficiency testing providers and reference material producers.   American Council of Independent Laboratories (ACIL) 202-887-5872 / Washington, DC Trade association representing independent, commercial scientific and engineering firms. Its members are professional services firms engaged in testing, product certification, consulting, and research and development.   American Electronics Association (AEA) 800-284-4232 / Santa Clara, CA A high-tech trade association representing all segments of the electronics industry, dedicated to strengthening the US electronics community's competitive position in the global marketplace.   American National Standards Institute (ANSI) The Institute's mission is to enhance both the global competitiveness of U.S. business and the U.S. quality of life by promoting and facilitating voluntary consensus standards and conformity assessment systems, and safeguarding their integrity.   American Society for Quality (ASQ) ASQ is the world's leading membership organization devoted to quality. We have the knowledge, tools, expertise and resources to inspire you and your organization.   American Society of Test Engineers (ASTE) Nutting Lake, MA Made up of corporate and individual members from primarily the electronics testing industry as well as electronic instrumentation professionals from the manufacturing, science, education, and medical disciplines.   American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) 610-832-9500 / W. Conshohocken, PA One of the largest voluntary standards development organizations in the world-a trusted source for technical standards for materials, products, systems, and services.   Association Connecting Electronics Industries (IPC) 847-615-7100 / Bannockburn, IL A United States-based trade association dedicated to furthering the competitive excellence and financial success of its members worldwide, who are participants in the electronic interconnect industry.   Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) A statutory authority within the federal government portfolio of Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy responsible for the regulation of broadcasting, the internet, radiocommunications, and telecommunications.   Bluetooth Special Interest Group The Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) is a trade association comprised of leaders in the telecommunications, computing, automotive, industrial automation and network industries that is driving the development of Bluetooth wireless technology, a low cost short-range wireless specification for connecting mobile devices and bringing them to market.   British Standards Institution (BSI) +44 (0)20 8996 6330 / United Kingdom Provides independent certification of management systems and products; product testing services; the development of private, national and international standards; management systems training and information on standards and international trade.   Broadband Forum The Broadband Forum is a worldwide organization committed to rapidly creating specifications for communication service providers and vendors that accelerate the development and deployment of broadband networks, foster successful interoperability, and manage and deliver advanced IP services to the customer.   Canadian Standards Association (CSA) 800-463-6727 / Ontario, Canada A not-for-profit membership-based association serving business, industry, government and consumers in Canada and the global marketplace.   CDG CDMA Development Group -an international consortium of companies who have joined together to lead the adoption and evolution of CDMA wireless systems around the world.   CDMA University CDMA University training is offered by the CDMA Development Group (CDG). Our goal is to provide relevant CDMA technical training solutions by leading experts in the field. Currently, we are associated with Qualcomm to deliver courses that cover a broad range of topics including foundational, advanced topics, network planning, characterization and optimization.   CDMA Tutorial from the UMTS World website. CENELEC European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization Comité Europeen de Normalisation Electrotechnique Europisches Komitee für elektrotechnische Normung CENELEC's mission is to prepare voluntary electrotechnical standards that help develop the Single European Market/European Economic Area for electrical and electronic goods and services removing barriers to trade, creating new markets and cutting compliance costs. CWTS China Communications Standards Association.   Data Over Cable Service Interface Specifications The CableLabs Certified Cable Modem project, also known as DOCSIS® (Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification), defines interface requirements for cable modems involved in high-speed data distribution over cable television system networks.   Digital Audio Video Council DAVIC creates the industry standard for end-to-end interoperability of broadcast and interactive digital audio-visual information, and of multimedia communication.   DoD Issuances DoD policies, issuances and memorandums.   DVB Project The Digital Video Broadcasting Project (DVB) is an industry-led consortium of over 270 broadcasters, manufacturers, network operators, software developers, regulatory bodies and others in over 35 countries committed to designing open technical standards for the global delivery of digital television and data services.   ECA Electronic Components, Assemblies, & Materials Association.   EDGE Tutorial From the 3G Americas website.   EDN Embedded Microprocessor Benchmark Consortium (EEMBC) EEMBC benchmarks have become an industry standard for evaluating the capabilities of embedded processors, compilers, and Java implementations according to objective, clearly defined, application-based criteria.   Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) 703-907-7500 / Arlington, VA A partnership of electronic and high-tech associations and companies whose mission is promoting the market development and competitiveness of the U.S. high-tech industry through domestic and international policy efforts.   European Committee for Standardization (CEN) + 32 2 550 08 11 / Brussels, Belgium Contributes to the objectives of the European Union and European Economic Area with voluntary technical standards which promote free trade, the safety of workers & consumers, interoperability of networks, environmental protection, exploitation of research and development programmes, and public procurement.   European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) +33 (0)4 92 94 42 00 / France Produces globally-applicable standards for Information and Communications Technologies (ICT), including fixed, mobile, radio, converged, broadcast and internet technologies. ETSI EN 301 751: Fixed Radio Systems; Point-to-Point equipments and antennas.   EVDOinfo.com EVDO news, tips, products, downloads, benchmarks, forums and EVDO coverage.   FCC Compliance Measurement Documents This series of documents is a non-exclusive list of measurement techniques that may be used when testing equipment to determine its compliance with FCC rules. The FCC Knowledge Database provides additional guidance on testing devices subject to the FCC's rules.   Federal Communications Commission (FCC) 445 12th Street, SW Washington, DC 20554 888-CALL-FCC (225-5322) The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is an independent United States government agency, directly responsible to Congress, and is charged with regulating interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire, satellite and cable. The FCC's jurisdiction covers the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and U.S. possessions. Part 15 Document Amateur Radio CFR Title 47, Part 23: Miscellaneous Wireless Communications Services   FCC OET Laboratory Division Electronic Filing Site Office of Engineering and Technology. Download the application guide here.   Frequency Allocations Chart (E.U.) European table of frequency allocations and utilizations - frequency range 9 kHz TO 275 GHz (PDF format).   Frequency Allocations Chart (U.S.) From NTIA (PDF format).   GEIA Government Electronics & Information Technology Association - promotes the interests of the U.S. electronics, communications and information technology industries with regard to government markets, requirements, and technical standards. GEIA represents companies that create and apply innovative products, services, practices, technologies and integrated solutions to meet government needs.   GPS (NAVSTAR) Global Positioning System. Garmin GPS web site. Click here to find precise GPS orbits. Click here for a link to the Schriever AFB GPS fact sheet. Click here for a nice tutorial by Trimble.   GSM +44 (0)20 7759 2300 / UK Global System for Mobile Communications. GSM World web site from the GSM Association, the global trade association for GSM mobile operators.   Home Phoneline Networking Alliance 925-275-6620 HomePNA is the high-speed, reliable networking (LAN) technology that uses the existing phone wires in your home to share a single Internet connection with several PCs in your home.   Home RF Home RF Resource Center, now provided by the Palo Wireless website, contains a guide to useful HomeRF and wireless home networking resources.

HTML/XTML The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is an international consortium where Member organizations, a full-time staff, and the public work together to develop Web standards.   iDEN Integrated Digital Enhanced Network. Motorola iDEN web site.   IEEE StandardsWire The IEEE StandardsWire (e-mail updates) carries key information about new and recently approved and revised standards, in addition to details about standards work that has just begun. The new publication replaces The Standards Bearer Online, which focused mainly on the actions of the IEEE Standards Board and not on what was going on with the standards themselves.   IEEE802 Standards Downloadable   International Electrotechnical Commission The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the leading global organization that prepares and publishes international standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies. These serve as a basis for national standardization and as references when drafting international tenders and contracts.   Institute for National Measurement Standards (INMS) 613-998-7018 / Ontario, Canada The Institute's physical metrology programs develop, maintain, improve, and disseminate standards for the base quantities of mass, length, time, electricity, temperature and luminous intensity as well as a number of derived measurement standards. The chemical metrology program develops and maintains world-class capabilities in selected areas of organic and inorganic trace analysis, and provides certified reference materials.   Infrared Data Association Establishes and promotes an infrared standard that provides convenient cordless connectivity and fosters application interoperability over a broad range of platforms and devices.   Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEEE is a non-profit, technical professional association of more than 360,000 individual members in approximately 175 countries. IEEE is a leading authority in technical areas ranging from computer engineering, biomedical technology and telecommunications, to electric power, aerospace and consumer electronics, among others.   InterNational Committee for Information Technology Standards (INCITS) 202-737-8888 / Washington, DC INCITS is the primary U.S. focus of standardization in the field of Information and Communications Technologies (ICT), encompassing storage, processing, transfer, display, management, organization, and retrieval of information.   International Engineering Consortium The International Engineering Consortium (IEC) is a nonprofit organization dedicated to catalyzing technology and business progress worldwide in a range of high-technology industries and their university communities.   International Multimedia Teleconference Consortium IMTC is a worldwide community of companies dedicated to the advancement of real-time, rich-media communications. Interoperability through international standards is our core value. Member companies come together to ensure compatibility amongst their products and services, thus guaranteeing trouble-free operation for both end customers and service suppliers.   International Organization for Standardization +41 22 749 01 11 / Switzerland ISO is a network of the national standards institutes of 148 countries, on the basis of one member per country, with a Central Secretariat in Geneva, Switzerland, that coordinates the system.   International Standards From the International Organization for Standardization.   International Telecommunication Union An international organization within the United Nations System where governments and the private sector coordinate global telecom networks and services, and publishes telecommunication technology, regulatory and standards information.   IP/MPLS Forum An international, non-profit association of service providers, equipment vendors, testing centers and enterprise users whose mission is to drive the global success of IP/MPLS-based technology, networks, and services while focusing on application and deployment solutions.   ISA 919-549-8411 / Research Triangle Park, NC Develops standards, certifies industry professionals, provides education and training, publishes books and technical articles, and hosts the largest conference and exhibition for automation professionals in the Western Hemisphere.   ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network - tutorial.   ISO/IEC 18000-6:2004 (RFID) Information technology -- Radio frequency identification for item management -- Part 6: Parameters for air interface communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz. ISO/IEC 18000-6:2004 defines the air interface for radio-frequency identification (RFID) devices operating in the 860 MHz to 960 MHz Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band used in item management applications. Its purpose is to provide a common technical specification for RFID devices that may be used by ISO committees developing RFID application standards.   ISO 9000 / ISO 14000 ISO management systems, basics, facts on certification, new management system standards, additional resources.   ITU International Telecommunication Union web site.   JEDEC JEDEC Solid State Technology Association (originally known as the Joint Electron Device Engineering Council)   MIL-STD & MIL-SPEC Documents ASSIST-Quick Search provides direct access to Defense and Federal specifications and standards available in the official DoD repository (including obsolete versions), the ASSIST database.   Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC) This is Japan's version of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC).   National Cooperation for Laboratory Accreditation (NACLA) 407-333-3327 / Lake Mary, FL Primary mission is to evaluate U.S. laboratory accreditation bodies (ABs) and to grant recognition to those ABs found to be in compliance with NACLA procedures & the relevant international standards for competent ABs.   National Fire Protection Association The mission of the international nonprofit NFPA is to reduce the worldwide burden of fire and other hazards on the quality of life by providing and advocating consensus codes and standards, research, training, and education.   NCSL International 303-440-3339 / Boulder, CO Our mission of is to advance technical and managerial excellence in the field of metrology, measurement standards, conformity assessment, Instrument calibration, as well as test and measurement, through voluntary activities aimed at improving product and service quality, productivity, and the competitiveness of member organizations in the international marketplace.   National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST is a non-regulatory federal agency within the U.S. Commerce Department's Technology Administration. NIST's mission is to develop and promote measurement, standards, and technology to enhance productivity, facilitate trade, and improve the quality of life.   National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program (NVLAP) 301-975-4016 / Gaithersburg, MD Provides third-party accreditation to testing and calibration laboratories.   Office of Communication (Ofcom) Ofcom is the independent regulator and competition authority for the U.K. communications industries, with responsibilities across television, radio, telecommunications and wireless communications services   Operations Security (OPSEC) Professional Society Furthers the practice of Operations Security as a profession and fosters the highest quality of professionalism and competence among its members. OPSEC is a process used to deny to potential adversaries information about capabilities and/or intentions by identifying, controlling and protecting evidence of the planning and executing of sensitive activities.   Optical Society of America (OSA) Promotes the generation, application, archiving and worldwide dissemination of knowledge in optics and photonics.   PC/104 Consortium 415-674-4504 / San Francisco, CA A consortium of over 75 members worldwide who have joined together to establish and maintain standards and disseminate information about PC/104 and other small form factors to manufacturers and users, as well as to provide a liaison function between the PC/104 community and other standard organizations.   PCI Industrial Computer Manufacturers Group PICMG (PCI Industrial Computer Manufacturers Group) is a consortium of over 600 companies who collaboratively develop open specifications for high performance telecommunications and industrial computing applications.   PCI Special Interest Group PCI-SIG is the industry organization chartered to develop and manage the PCI standard. With over 850 members, the PCI-SIG effectively places ownership and management of the PCI specifications in the hands of the developer community.   Personal Communications Industry Association PCIA represents companies that develop, own, manage and operate towers, commercial rooftops and other facilities for the provision of all types of wireless, broadcasting and telecommunications services.   PXI Systems Alliance (PXISA) 303-652-2585 / Niwot, CO An industry consortium who promotes and maintains the PXI standard.   Satellite Broadcasting and Communications Association The Satellite Broadcasting and Communications Association of America is the national trade organization representing all segments of the satellite industry.   Solid-State Circuits Society The Solid-State Circuits Society is interested in all aspects of solid-state circuits: the design, testing and application of circuits and subsystems, as well as closely related topics in device technology and circuit theory.   Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE) 914-761-1100 / White Plains, NY The leading technical society for the motion imaging industry.   Standards & Handbooks References Broken into categories of Reliability, Maintainability, Safety, Military, Human Factors, etc. These are not the actual documents, but are descriptions of what can be found in each one.   Standards Council of Canada 613-238-3222 / Ontario, Canada A federal Crown corporation with the mandate to promote efficient and effective standardization.   Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) The Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) is a non-profit trade association serving the communications and information technology industry, with proven strengths in market development, trade shows, domestic and international advocacy, standards development and enabling e-business.   UMTS The UMTS Forum - international body for promoting 3G systems (Universal Mobile Telephone System)   UMTS World UMTS news, industry, technology information, applications, events, articles, resources, history, links, and downloads.   USB Implementers Forum, Inc USB Implementers Forum, Inc. is a non-profit corporation founded by the group of companies that developed the Universal Serial Bus specification. The USB-IF was formed to provide a support organization and forum for the advancement and adoption of Universal Serial Bus technology.   VMEbus International Trade Association (VITA) VITA, the VMEbus International Trade Association, is an incorporated, non-profit organization of vendors and users having a common market interest. VITA believes in and champions open system architectures as opposed to proprietary system architectures.   Wideband Communications "A Summary of FCC Rules for Ultra Wideband Communications," compliments of Gary Breed, editor of High Frequency Electronics magazine, January 2005 edition.   Wi-Fi Alliance The Wi-Fi Alliance is a nonprofit international association formed in 1999 to certify interoperability of wireless Local Area Network products based on IEEE 802.11 specification. Currently the Wi-Fi Alliance has over 200 member companies from around the world, and over 1000 products have received Wi-Fi certification since certification began in March of 2000. The goal of the Wi-Fi Alliance's members is to enhance the user experience through product interoperability.   2006 Worldwide Wireless Communications Standards A PDF version of the Philips wall chart.   ZigBee The low power, short range, low data rate version of Bluetooth, kinda

Международная организация по стандартизации, ИСО, (International Standard Organization, ISO) – организация, которая утвердила множество стандартов. В их числе эталонная модель взаимодействия открытых систем (Open Systems Interconnection, OSI) – семиуровневая модель протоколов передачи данных, предложенная с целью обеспечения взаимодействия открытых систем, то есть сопряжения различных видов коммуникационного оборудования разных производителей.

Международный Союз Электросвязи, МСЭ, (International Telecommunications Union, ITU) – определивший принципы построения транспортных сетей, сетей доступа, цифровых сетей с интеграцией услуг (узкополосных и широкополосных) и многое другое. Работу по стандартизации ведет сектор телекоммуникаций с его комиссиями (ITU-T).

Американский Национальный Институт Стандартов (American National Standard Institute, ANSI) – с широко известными стандартами на компьютерные сети, в частности FDDI, SONET.

Европейский Институт Стандартов по Телекоммуникациям (European Telecommunications Standards Institute, ETSI) – утвердил с 1988 года множество стандартов по сетевым решениям, в частности по SDH, ISDN, B-ISDN.

Форум ATM – ассоциация производителей оборудования асинхронного режима передачи (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) – приспособила и расширила стандарты B-ISDN, с тем, чтобы создать отраслевые стандарты, которые дают возможность продукции ATM взаимодействовать с оборудованием традиционных локальных сетей.

Ассоциация электронной промышленности (Electronic Industry Association, EIA) – группа, выпускающая стандарты по передаче электрических сигналов, например, стандарт RS-202, стандарты по телекоммуникационным кабельным сетям промышленных зданий.

Международная электротехническая комиссия, МЭК, (International Electrotechnical Commission, IEC) – известная многими стандартами и в частности на структурированные системы кабельных сетей для зданий (ISO/IEC 11801).

Форум управления сетями электросвязи (Forum Telecommunications Network Management, TNM) – ассоциация производителей оборудования управления сетями связи, вырабатывающая решения по стандартизации взаимодействия систем управления различных производителей.

Совет по регулированию работы Internet (Internet Activities Board, IAB) – группа исследователей по объединенным сетям Internet. Предложены IAB в качестве стандартов Internet протоколы TCP/IP, SNMP в серии документов RFC (Request For Comments).

Форум Frame Relay – организация производителей и распространителей продукции передачи данных технологии ретрансляции кадров. Известны ряды спецификаций по согласованию Frame Relay с ATM, объединению локальных вычислительных сетей.

Ассоциация министерств связи и администраций сетей связи европейских стран, European Conference of Posts and Telecommunications – CEPT и CEN, Committee European de Normalization, европейский комитет по стандартизации совместно выпускают стандарты серии EN, например, EN 50170 – европейский стандарт на структурированные кабельные системы.