Jung, Carl Gustav (1875-1961)

He was born on July 26, 1875, in Kesswil, Switzerland, in the family of a Protestant clergyman (священника). After graduating in medicine in 1902 from the universities of Basel and Zurich, with a wide background in biology, zoology, paleontology, and archaeology, he began his work on word association, in which a patient's responses to stimulus words revealed what Jung called «complexes»—a term that has since become universal. These studies brought him international fame and led him to a close collaboration with Freud.

With the publication of Psychology of the Unconscious (1912), however, Jung declared his independence from Freud's narrowly sexual interpretation of the libido by showing the close parallels between ancient myths and psychotic fantasies and by explaining human motivation in terms of a larger creative energy. He gave up (отказался от) the presidency of the International Psychoanalytic Society and founded a movement called analytical psychology.

During his remaining 50 years Jung developed his theories, drawing on a wide knowledge of mythology and history; on his travels to diverse (разнообразные) cultures in New Mexico, India, and Kenya; and especially, on the dreams and fantasies of his childhood. In 1921 he published a major work, Psychological Types, in which he dealt with the relationship between the conscious and unconscious and proposed the now well-known personality types—extrovert and introvert.

He later made a distinction (сделал различие) between the personal unconscious, or the repressed feelings and thoughts developed during an individual's life, and the collective unconscious, or those inherited feelings (унаследованные чувства), thoughts, and memories shared by all humanity. The collective unconscious, according to Jung, is made up of what he called «archetypes». These correspond to such experiences as confronting death or choosing a mate (выбор пары) and manifest themselves symbolically in religions, myths, fairy tales (сказки), and fantasies.

Jung wrote many works on analytical methods and the relationships between psychotherapy and religious belief. He died on June 6, 1961.