Change from direct into indirect speech

1) The student said, “I studied high-level computer languages at school.” 2) The teacher said, “I saw some mistakes in your computer test.” 3) My groupmate said, “I have already read about the fifth computer generation.” 4) He said, “I did not recognize your handwriting.” 5) The teacher stressed “The initial purpose of the Web was to use networked hypertext to facilitate communication among its members.” 6) The scientist said, “In recent years, the use of the Web has now reached global proportions.” 7) The teacher said, “Microsoft has evolved much in the same way as Apple Computer.”8) The student stressed, “Microsoft has thus created its own standards in a market.”

Additional Text

(for individual work)

Read and translate the text

Information Explosion and Data Processing in Modern Society

An outstanding characteristic of modern society is the powerful flow of knowledge and information in different fields of human activities.

Information is often called the lifeblood of modern civilization. It plays an ever increasing part in everyday life, management of business, etc..

The scientific activity, with all its technical and economic outcomes and consequences, is today passing through a period of particularly rapid development. For instance, over the past 150 years the range of human knowledge has been doubled every twelve to fifteen years.

The present-day information explosion must be properly dealt with. To handle the information flow properly and instantly, to help specialists find immediately of machines have been invented. They are now widely used for this purpose.

The computer, with its million fold increase in man’s capacity to handle information, undoubtedly, holds the first place. Without the computer, data and information processing would be impossible, say, in space programs. It is the phenomenal speed of computers that makes them practically well suited to pursuing activities that require instant solution to complex dynamic problems. They are extensively used in the control and monitoring of space vehicles. Computers are ideal for high-volume computing tasks such as the computation and analysis of statistical and mathematical data as well as scientific and engineering calculations.

For example, before production can be started in the factory, raw materials and parts have to be procured. This involves the data processing system in the preparation of purchase orders. When supplies are received they have to be recorded on appropriate stock or job-records, which again involve data processing.

When production is due to begin materials and parts have to be issued to the production centers and suitability recorded on issue notes which are subsequently recorded on stock and job records. The issues are often priced and extended. These arc also data processing operations.

In the industry, for instance, one of the new generations of press control combines a menu-driven press computer with a programmable press controller. The press control system monitors all vital functions of the stamping system. It provides an infinite for storing all your setup information.

Total system diagnostics are enhanced by the computer to provide on screen remedies for identifiable problems. Not only do you know why the press has stopped, but now you know where the problem is and how to remedy it.

On-line operating data are automatically recorded. You can now call up a report to tell all about the job while it is running and how long to completion. The computerized control system has the flexibility to meet new requirements for more information.

Thus information and data processing is a special activity performed by the administrative organization for the business as a whole. It is concerned with the systematic recording, arranging, filing, processing and dissemination of facts relating to the physical events occurring in business.

From the above said it can be concluded that data processing systems provide information and information provides the basis for managerial control of business operations to achieve corporate objectives as effectively as possible. This means making the most suitable decisions based on the information provided.

A management information system therefore embraces the data processing systems control systems (using information provided by the data processing system), and decision-making based on the facts indicated by the control systems.

A data processing system in its simplest form consists of three primary elements: input, processing and output. These elements apply whether the system is manual, mechanical or electronic.

A computer system consists of five elements: input, processing, output, storage and control.

It is absolutely necessary for every active member of modern society to be able to use the computer system in data (information) processing and management.

Unit 3

Text Study: Operating System.

Additional Text: UNIX Operating System.

Grammar: The Future Perfect Tense.

Text Study

I. Pre-reading Exercises

1. Repeat the words in chorus:

Keyboard, purchase, successfully, occur, initialized, simultaneously, request, designed, circumstances, through, frequently.

2. While reading the text you will come across a number of new words. Try to guess what Ukrainian words they remind of you:

Physically, package, series, chronological, termination, cables, initialization, resources, normally, functioning, concurrently, multiprogramming, potion.

3. Pay attention to some grammatical points:

1) You can think of these as the parts you are able to touch physically. 2) The operating system is the component that on one side manages and controls the hardware and on the other manages the applications. 3) Various pieces of hardware need to be initialized. 4)It is the operating system’s job to manage execution of the application. 5) Some operating systems are adopted as ’’industry standards’’ and these are the ones which should be evaluated because they normally have a good software base. 6) The cost of software is likely to be lower in such circumstances as the development costs are spread over a greater number of users, both actual and potential.