UNIT III. MY WORKING WEEK

Task 1. Read and translate the text:

Let me describe my usual working day. On weekdays my alarm-clock wakes me up at 7 a.m. I get up, turn on my CD record-player and do my morning exercises. Then I go to the bathroom, take a cold shower and brush my teeth. After that I return to my bedroom to get dressed and brush my hair.

I have breakfast at about 7.30. Usually I have a substantial breakfast: I have bacon and eggs, a toast with jam and a cup of tea or juice. I like watching the latest news on TV or listening to the radio while I am eating.

My classes start at 8.30 that’s why I have to leave the hostel at 8.10. It takes me about 20 minutes to get to the University by bus. But if the weather is fine and I have enough time I walk to the University.

We have lectures and seminars on different subjects. We have three or four classes a day. We have five and ten minutes’ breaks between the periods. At 11.50 we have a big interval for lunch. We go to the University canteen or cafeteria and talk with friends. At 12.20 we have to be back to our classes. Sometimes I stay at the University till late in the evening because I go to the library to prepare for the practical classes or write a report.

After the lessons I come home at about 5 p.m., have a substantial dinner, wash dishes and have rest. In a while I do my homework. If I have free time I go for a walk with my friends or visit my relatives. Late in the evening I can watch TV, play computer games or read a newspaper or a magazine. And then I go to bed.

This is my usual working day and by the end of the week I get very tired. On Friday evening I participate in, so called, “animal therapy” group. I am an instructor. There we help disabled people to improve their health and mental state through communication with animals. We have dogs and cats as a medicine. Disabled people touch and feed them, speak to them thus people feel better and solve their health problems. We work both with children and adults. Our group of instructors and our director wish to buy horses and use them in animal therapy too. So disabled people can study to ride and take care of horses. But it is only our dream yet, which I hope will come true one day.

I have two spare days a week. That’s Saturday and Sunday. I begin looking forward to them since the beginning of the week.

On Saturdays I don’t have classes so I needn’t get up early. Usually on weekends I sleep till 9 a.m. Then I get up and start my housework. I sweep the floor, dust the furniture and clean the carpets with the vacuum-cleaner. Then I go shopping or get busy in the kitchen. After that I have free time and can do everything I want. I can go for a walk with my friends, go to the cinema or just chat with my friends over the Internet. In the evening we go clubbing. My room-mate, Nadya Popova, plays violin in the University orchestra. She has got a lot of rehearsals but on Saturday evenings they have concerts. So sometimes I go to her concerts.

On Sundays we prefer active rest. We can go for a picnic in the countryside or to a sport club. Sometimes I go to visit my parents who live in a different town. I like such occasions very much as we get together and have an opportunity to talk and discuss our family affairs. That is my working week.

Task 2. Translate the words and word-combinations from English into Russian:

1) to describe; 2) to wake up; 3) to brush teeth; 4) light breakfast; 5) to leave; 6) 5 minutes’ break; 7) report; 8) to wash dishes; 9) to look forward; 10) housework; 11) to go clubbing; 12) family affairs.

Task 3. Translate the words and word-combinations into English. Use the text “My working week”:

1) будильник; 2) включать плэйер; 3) причесываться; 4) последние известия, новости; 5) достаточно времени; 6) болтать с друзьями; 7) делать домашнее задание; 8) уставать; 9) протирать пыль; 10) идти по магазинам; 11) репетиция; 12) возможность.

Task 4. In the text find the antonyms:

1) weekend; 2) to turn off; 3) hot; 4) substantial; 5) to end; 6) to come back; 7) nasty weather; 8) similar; 9) lesson; 10) small; 11) enemy; 12) early.

Task 5. In the text find synonyms:

1) to awake; 2) to switch on; 3) to clean teeth; 4) to be back; 5) to comb hair; 6) to begin; 7) interval; 8) lesson, period; 9) to talk; 10) to wash up; 11) spare time; 12) kid; 13) grown up; 14) nature; 15) day off.

Task 6. Connect two parts of words together:

a) week, bath, some, home, news, week, bed, house, every, country, room.

b) mate, day, times, paper, side, end, work, room, thing, room, work.

Task 7. Answer the questions:

1) When does Olya’s day start?

2) What kind of breakfast does she have?

3) How much time does it take her to get to the University?

4) What does she usually do at 11.50?

5) What does she do after dinner?

6) Where does she go on Friday evenings?

7) What are her days off?

8) What does Nadya have on Saturdays?

9) What does Olya prefer doing on Sundays?

Task 8. Say whether the following statements are true or false. Correct false statements:

1) In the morning Olya does not do her morning exercises.

2) She likes reading a magazine while having breakfast.

3) If the weather is fine Olya goes to the University by the underground railway.

4) She often has to stay at the University late.

5) She goes to bed at 11 p.m.

6) The society of animal therapy meets once a week.

7) On Saturdays she cleans her room.

8) On Saturday evening Olya rides a horse.

9) Sunday is Olya’s day off and she sleeps all day long.

Task 9. Complete the sentences with suitable words:

1) On weekdays an … (room-mate, alarm-clock, mother) wakes Olya up.

2) In the morning she takes … (a cold shower, a bath, a warm shower).

3) Usually she has … (a substantial, no, a light) breakfast.

4) She leaves the hostel at … (ten minutes past eight, eight twenty, quarter to eight).

5) If she has … (not much, little, a lot) of time she walks to the University.

6) At 11.50 they have a break for … (dinner, supper, lunch).

7) If Olya wants to write a report she … (searches in Internet, goes to the University library, goes clubbing).

8) In the evening she can … (play, plays, to play) computer games.

9) In the psychological society they help disabled people through … (sport, music, animals, other people).

10) Their director wants to buy … (hedgehogs, houses, horses).

11) On the weekends she does not have classes that’s why she … (can, should, shouldn’t, have to) get up early.

12) Olya likes to spend Sundays in … (a passive, neutral, an active) way.

13) Her room-mate plays … (violin, drums, piano) in the University orchestra.

14) Olya visits her parents … (often, occasionally, very often).

Task 10. In the text find sentences with words denoting time. Explain rules of their reading. Look through the theory and check yourself:

Для обозначения времени, если большая стрелка часов находится в правой половине циферблата, употребляется предлог “past” (после), в левой – предлог “to” (до, к). Перед словом “quarter” (четверть) употребляется неопределенный артикль. Перед словом “half” артикль опускается.

8.00 – eight a.m.; eight sharp.

8.01 – 8.29 – one (twenty nine) minute(s) past eight.

8.15 – a quarter past eight

8.30 – half past eight

8.31 – 8.59 – twenty-nine (one) minute(s) to nine.

8.45 – a quarter to nine

20.00 – eight p.m.

12.00 – midday

24.00 – midnight.

Task 11. Read the words and word combinations:

1) 6 a.m.; 2) 7.01; 3) 8.15; 4) 9.28; 5) 10.30; 6) 11.43; 7) 12.00; 8) 13.45; 9) 14.48; 10) 15.15; 11) 16.24; 12) 17.25; 13) 18.05; 14) 19.10; 15) 20.09; 16) 21.00; 17) 10 p.m.; 18) 11.12 p.m.; 19) 24.00; 20) 00.00.

Task 12. In the first abstract of the text find all the nouns. Say which of them are in the plural and which are in the singular. Explain the rules of formation of the plural of the nouns. Read the theory and check yourself:

В английском языке только исчисляемые существительные имеют единственное и множественное число.

Множественное число существительных, оканчивающихся на согласный (кроме шипящих) и на гласный (кроме o, y), которому предшествует согласный, образуется путем прибавления к основе окончания -s: boy – boys, cat – cats, house – houses.

Множественное число существительных, оканчивающихся на -ch, -sh, -s, -ss, -x, а также существительных, оканчивающихся на -o, образуется путем прибавления окончания -es: a bus – busses, a potato – potatoes, a bush – bushes. Исключения: photo – photos, zero – zeros, piano – pianos.

Существительные, оканчивающиеся на -y (после согласной) прибавляют окончание -es, при этом -y меняется на -i: a lady – ladies, a fly – flies.

Существительные, оканчивающиеся на -f(fe) во множественном числе прибавляют -es, при этом f меняется на v: a knife – knives, a shelf – shelves. Исключение: roof – roofs.

Ряд существительных образует множественное число не по правилам: a man – men, a woman – women, a foot – feet, a goose – geese, a tooth – teeth, a mouse – mice, an ox – oxen, a child – children.

Слова, заимствованные из латинского и греческого языков, заимствуют и формы множественного числа: a formula – formulae (formulas), a crisis – crises, a criterion – criteria, a bacterium – bacteria, a phenomenon – phenomena.

В английском языке есть существительные, имеющие одну и ту же форму и для единственного числа, и для множественного: a deer – deer, a sheep – sheep, a swine – swine.

Слова fish и fruit имеют два варианта образования множественного числа. A fish – fish, если много рыбы одного вида и a fish – fishes, если много рыбы разных видов. То же самое справедливо и для существительного fruit.

Некоторые существительные могут употребляться только в единственном числе (advice, information, news, knowledge, furniture, luggage, …), другие – только во множественном (clothes, riches, damages, goods, scissors, scales, …).

В случае сложных или составных существительных суффикс множественного числа добавляется к наиболее значимому по смыслу элементу: forget-me-not – forget-me-nots, mother-in-law – mothers-in-law.

Task 13. Give the plural of the following nouns:

a) table, book, bath, month, potato, tomato, bus, box, brush, piano, zero, hero, photo, shop, friend, cinema, lake, piece, smile, village, address, watch.

b) man, woman, child, ox, foot, tooth, goose, mouse.

c) deer, sheep, fish, fruit, swine.

d) fly, army, lady, city, university, day, boy, play, key.

e) wife, leaf, roof, knife, life, handkerchief, half.

f) phenomenon, crisis, stimulus, formula, antenna, analysis, bacterium, criterion, basis.

g) room-mate, man-of-war, boy-messenger, passer-by, sister-in-law, fisherman, schoolboy, editor-in-chief.

Task 14. Put the sentences into plural:

1) This book is on the shelf.

2) The fisherman has caught a fish.

3) The bush of roses is too high.

4) He gave me a good advice.

5) This is my new watch. I’ve bought it in Zurich.

6) There is a sheep and a cow in the garden.

7) The Smiths have a child.

8) John had his tooth pulled out.

9) There was a woman and a man in the street.

10) Modern economic crisis affects the whole world.

Task 15. Translate the sentences from Russian into English:

1) В нашем университете хорошие лаборатории.

2) Почтальон принес важное письмо.

3) У паука шесть ног.

4) Астрономы наблюдали необычный феномен.

5) Количество оленей стремительно сокращается.

6) Грабителей поймали.

7) Сколько стоят эти брюки?

8) У него двое часов. Одни спешат, а другие отстают.

9) Чьи это деньги?

10) Ваши советы мне очень помогли.

Task 16. In the text find sentences with the Present Simple Tense. Explain the rules of formation and usage of Present Simple. Look through the theory and check yourself:

pronouns	affirmative	negative	interrogative
I, we, you, they	study (work)	do not study (work) (don’t study, work)	Do I study (work)?
He, she, it	studies (works)	does not study (work) (doesn’t study, work)	Does he study (work)?

Время Present Simple представляет собой инфинитив глагола без частицы to. В третьем лице единственном числе к глаголу добавляется окончание -s. Данное время используется для:

- обозначения постоянного, привычного действия или констатации факта (He goes to the Institute every day);

- общеизвестной истины (Water boils at 100 degrees);

- запланированного действия в будущем (The train leaves at 8 a.m. tomorrow).

Данное время обычно используется со словами every day/month/week/year, usually, generally, as a rule, always, nearly always, seldom, rarely, often, sometimes.

Task 17. Tick the right sentences with the Present Simple:

1) a) The Moon rotates round the Earth.

b) The Moon rotate round the Earth.

2) a) On Monday they usually goes to the gym.

b) On Monday they usually go to the gym.

3) a) John not go to the library on Tuesdays.

b) John does not go to the library on Tuesdays.

4) a) Do you work on your diploma project?

b) Work you on your diploma project?

5) a) Two dictations write we each term.

b) We write two dictations each term.

Task 18. Write the following sentences in the third person singular:

1) We live in Tambov.

2) The tigers in the Zoo eat meat.

3) They often discuss their family problems together.

4) They usually prepare their reports in the last minute.

5) When do you leave your University?

6) You don’t understand my words.

7) Do you often go to the hairdresser’s?

Task 19. Write the following sentences in the negative and interrogative:

1) Mary plays piano very well.

2) John usually eats porridge for breakfast.

3) They go to the dentist twice a year.

4) In the morning she always jogs.

5) On Wednesdays he leaves his work earlier.

6) At 5 o’clock Englishmen always drink tea.

7) As a rule we pass our exams successfully.

Task 20. Put the words in brackets in the Present Simple:

1) My sister (work) as a translator.

2) Water (freeze) at 0 degrees.

3) … you (know) him?

4) His father (be) an architect. He (design) buildings.

5) They (go) to Spain once a year.

6) Where … you (spend) your holidays?

7) How often … your bicycle (break)?

Task 21. Translate the sentences from Russian into English. Use the Present Simple Tense:

1) По четвергам они собираются на заседание общества по защите природы.

2) Как часто ты звонишь родителям?

3) Сколько у тебя уходит времени, чтобы добраться до дома? – Обычно у меня уходит около получаса.

4) Я не знаю японский язык, зато я говорю на английском.

5) Теперь они редко навещают нас, ведь они живут в другом городе.

6) Они всегда приходят вовремя.

7) Чем ты занят в выходные? – Я обычно хожу в спортзал.

Task 22. In the text find sentences with modal verbs. What do they denote in the English language? Look through the theory and check yourself:

Модальные глаголы показывают отношение говорящего к действию, выраженному инфинитивом.

You can speak English – Вы можете (умеете) говорить по-английски.

You must speak English – Вы должны говорить по-английски.

You may speak English – Вы можете говорить по-английски (вас поймут).

Таким образом, в одном и том же предложении изменение модального глагола меняет смысл всего предложения.

Модальные глаголы не имеют форм во всех временах, для этого употребляются их эквиваленты (заменители). Вопросительные и отрицательные предложения с модальным глаголом строятся без вспомогательного глагола.

Can you help me? – Yes, I can (No, I can’t).

Модальные глаголы не имеют окончания -s в настоящем времени третьем лице единственном числе. После модального глагола инфинитив основного глагола используется без частицы to, кроме глагола ought to.

Основные значения модальных глаголов:

Can/could – возможность

May/might – разрешение

Shall/will/would – предположение, предсказание, прогнозирование

Should/ought to – обязанность, долг

Must – обязанность

Needn’t – отсутствие обязанности.

Модальный глагол can.

Модальный глагол can используется для обозначения:

1) физических способностей (Can you run 100 metres at 11 seconds?)

2) умственных способностей (He can write German but he can’t speak it.)

3) зависимости от обстоятельств (He can’t come to the party because he has got lessons.)

4) вежливой просьбы или разрешения (Can I go out? You can have another cup of tea.)

5) запрета (You can’t walk your dog here.)

6) сомнения или предположения (This can be true. – Это может быть и правда. Can this be true? – Неужели это правда? This can’t be true – Это не может быть правдой.)

Модальный глагол/ эквивалент	Настоящее время	Прошедшее время	Будущее время
can	Can	Could	Will be able to
to be able to	Am Is + able to Are	Was Were + able to

Модальный глагол need.

Модальный глагол need в основном используется в отрицательных и вопросительных предложениях. Этот глагол обозначает отсутствие необходимости.

She needn’t get up early because she doesn’t have any lessons.

Модальный глагол needn’t используется только в настоящем времени.

Модальный глагол have to.

Модальный глагол have to выражает необходимость или обязанность, связанную с внешними обстоятельствами. В данном случае он переводится как «вынужден, приходится».

Модальный глагол	Настоящее время	Прошедшее время	Будущее время
Have to	Have to (has to)	Had to	Will have to

Task 23. Read and translate the sentences with modal verbs:

1) Can I take this book?

2) She can speak Chinese.

3) You can’t get there by train.

4) Can you give me some salt?

5) She can stay or leave, it doesn’t matter now.

6) Jack Smith has to get up at 4 a.m. as his train for Paris leaves at 4.30.

7) Ann was late for her work and missed her bus so she had to take a taxi.

8) We don’t have a first period today so we needn’t get up early.

9) You needn’t go shopping today. We’ve got everything we need.

Task 24. Translate the words in brackets:

1) (Могу ли) I go out?

2) You (сможете) do it tomorrow.

3) There is a road sign, you (нельзя) cross the street here.

4) He (вынужден был) leave his broken car and walk to the nearest bus stop.

5) He (пришлось) start early as it was the rush hour.

6) She (не нужно) climb the stairs to get to the 9^th floor. There is a lift.

7) We (можно не) buy the dictionary. We (сможем) take it in the library.

Task 25. Translate the sentences into English:

1) Он может свободно говорить по-французски.

2) Можно мне еще кусочек торта?

3) Ты не можешь взять с собой собаку в продуктовый магазин.

4) Она сможет доделать работу завтра?

5) Когда мой дедушка был молодым, он мог переплыть Волгу.

6) Ему пришлось подождать своей очереди, потому что доктор был занят с другими пациентами.

7) Под тяжестью предъявленных улик преступник вынужден был признать свою вину.

8) Тебе придется самой забрать младшего брата из детского сада.

9) Им незачем ехать на другой конец города, подобный кинотеатр открыли недалеко от их дома.

10) Все, кто написали самостоятельную работу, могут не оставаться в классе.

Task 26. Answer the questions:

1) When do you usually get up on the weekdays?

2) Do you prefer to take a shower or a bath in the morning?

3) Is your breakfast light or substantial?

4) What do you usually have for breakfast?

5) Do your classes start early?

6) How much time does it take you to get to your University?

7) How do you get to your University?

8) How many periods do you have a day? What are they?

9) Where do you have your lunch?

10) Do you stay at your University late?

11) When do you return home?

12) What do you have for your dinner?

13) What do you usually do after dinner?

14) How long does it take you to do your homework?

15) How do you spend your evenings?

16) Do you have any free time on the weekdays?

17) When do you get up on the weekends?

18) How do you spend your weekends?

19) Do you prefer an active rest or a passive one?

20) Do you plan weekends beforehand?

21) Do you go to gym?

22) Do you go in the swimming-pool?

23) Do you like weekends?

Task 27. Tell about your working week and weekends. Use information from the text “My working day” and task 26.