B. 7. Translate the sentences

1. The first thing man needed was some shelter he built of clay and branches. 2. The documents the secretary has registered are in the office. 3. Everyone can choose a profession he wishes. 4. Salt is the mineral we obtain out of sea water. 5. Any mineral a metal can be obtained from is called an ore. 6. Rocks are classified according to the material they consist of. 7. The sphere of activity the study of geology can be applied to is tunnel building. 8. The lecture was devoted to the purposes plastics are applied to. 9. The uses tunnels are constructed for are numerous. 10. Water is one of the things man can’t live without. 11. The first cosmic flight shows man's abilities have no limit. 12. Water we wash with is brought to our home through a system of water supply.

C. 2. Speak on A MEDIEVAL MANOR HOUSE about:

a) materials used for building houses;

b) the design of the roof;

c) the windows

Until two or three hundred years ago small houses remained more or less the same. They were always built of the materials easily at hand: wood, stone or mud. The roofs were thatched or tiled and the design was very simple.

A Medieval Manor House between the years 1200 and 1300 did not have to be a fortress, yet there was a strong wall and a moat. It was built of stone, and either thatched or tiled with slate or stone. The windows were often pointed, like church windows, and small because glass was not yet used in them. They used very thin slices of horn in small panes, but usually the windows were unprotected and closed with wooden shutters at night. Everyone who lived on the estate went to the manor house for work, to pay rent, for justice and sometimes for parties.

Notes:

horn рог pane оконное стекло thatch крыть соломой

a manor house феодальное поместье pointedостроконечный tile черепицa, крыть черепицей

C. 3. Read the texts and then make a short report on them:

a) ROMAN VILLAS. For four hundred years, up to 410 A. D., Britain was a Roman colony, in which Romans and Britons lived together, protected by the power and authority of the Roman army. The Romans brought with them their law and form of government. They made splendid roads all over the country, and they brought their methods of building which were far in advance of those of the British. Towns grew up with well-built stone houses, paved streets, temples, public halls, public baths and sport arenas. Using the best available local materials, the Romans built themselves fine houses in Britain.

A Roman villa was often "H" shaped, with the principle rooms in the cross-piece. The best rooms had a verandah in front, and the floors were often tiled and patterned. A very good form of central heating was used, provided by hot air passing through tunnels under the floor. The remains of many of these villas still exist, and from them we can see how the Romans (and the wealthy British who adopted Roman ways) lived eighteen hundred years ago.

b) THE NORMAN CASTLE. William of Normandy conquered England in 1066 and he and his people settled there. The Normans were great builders and we can still admire their skill in building cathedrals, churches and castles.

The first castles were built of wood, but they were soon replaced by castles of stone. These were very strong, with walls up to fifteen feet thick. The main part was "the keep" built on a small steep hill with a strong wall around it. There was an outer wall "the curtain", and between the two were the houses, workshops, stables and barns. The castle was like a town, and so able to support itself in time of siege.

The main room in the keep was the Great Hall, where the lord and his family lived and had their meals. Minstrels played from a wooden gallery, and there were rushes on the floor. Little bedrooms, separated by curtains, opened out of the Great Hall. The castle was a grand home and, at the same time, a very powerful fortress.

Notes: castle замок curtain завеса, занавеска, наружная стена

fortress крепость keep главная башня (средневекового замка)

UNIT 11. HOUSING [2]

Grammar: