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TRADEMARKS AND TRADE SECRETS

Another kind of __________ is a trademark. Companies often use a certain name or description to help sell their products, or sometimes ________ which everyone comes to associate with that company, such as the M design of McDonald's or the shell design of Shell Oil. To prevent other businesses from using their trademark, companies often ________ them. Another _______ is to take out an injunction against a company which has tried to pass itself off as your company by using _________ or similar packaging. The London store Harrod's took out a passing-off action against a small business in New Zealand not only because it was also called Harrod's but because its bags looked _______.

The law provides some help for companies that want to keep trade secrets confidential. In some countries, it is _________ to pass information about an employer's production methods, business techniques and customer lists. In others, it is legal for a contract of employment to include restrictions about giving away or using such ______, and the restrictions may continue to apply even after the employee has left the company. Some contracts enable a company to take legal action against an ex-employee who tries to work for _______. English law recognizes the need for businesses to protect themselves from ex-employees who start up a rival business, but it also puts limits upon the extent that the company can restrict others.